The words commentary and hermeneutics have been of different meanings for commentators. In the past, they were used interchangeably but in the present, the former means discovering the meaning of words or Divine goal and the latter using the word contrary to its appear meaning or understanding its inner meaning. Unlike these two groups, Imam Khomeini has considered interpretation as discovering...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

colonialism is an important factor in cultural production and many of cultural constructs all over the world. english and english language teaching are at the center of the contemporary world. postcolonial literature, the genre achebe exercised, is a kind of historical text which has become central to different debates and criticisms. in this thesis, different elements related to the colonial...

The verses dealing with the face of Allah (swt) are metaphorical ones which are decisively determined through reference to the definite verses. To clarify theses verses, one should regard the orderly system of the Islamic Divine teachings as a whole. Not having had access to all the documents, sources, instructions and instruments, the orientalists looked at the system from a limited and someti...

recent years have witnessed an increased attention to form focused instruction and consciousness raising activities (ellis, 2002; doughty & williams, 1998) on the one hand and extensive and meaningful exposure to the target language (klapper & rees, 2003; day & bamford, 1998) on the other. due to significance attributed to above mentioned issues by scholars, this study attempted to bridge them ...

the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between teachers’ immediacy behaviors and iranian students’ willingness to talk in english classes. analysis of the results from willingness to talk scale represents a relatively high level of willingness to talk in english classrooms among iranian language learners. the total mean score of students’ willingness to talk was 66.3 ou...

“any science seeks generalities; the aim is to transcend knowledge of particular cases by discovering general regularities or laws” (chesterman, 2001, p. 1). these were the words of chesterman whose paper has served as a typical example of numerous papers carried out on ‘translation universals’ since the mid-nineties. blum-kulka (1986) is among translation studies scholars who proposed ‘explici...

The human perception that has multiple origins is influenced by external and internal factors. Some of these effects cause distortion in knowledge and others cause acceleration or create a new kind of knowledge and insight. From the point of view of verses and hadiths and from the viewpoint of moral scholars and sages, virtues and vices are considered as some of the factors affecting human know...

abstract the primary purpose of this study was to explore the actual practices and cognitions of two groups of iranian eap teachers, i.e. language teachers and content teachers, with respect to teaching reading-comprehension and vocabulary. to this end, tehran university of medical sciences which authorizes both groups of teachers to teach eap courses was selected as the context of the study s...