Hydraulic analogs of bioelectrical potentials are proposed as teaching tools in helping students with no formal background in physics and mathematics. Membrane capacitance is simulated by a water reservoir, V, whose variable level is the membrane potential. Resting membrane potential is simulated by a large capacitance reservoir of fixed level, connected to reservoir V through a tube having the...

1World Health Organization, Polio Eradication Initiative, Islamabad, Pakistan (Consultant, 2001). 2World Health Organization, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3National Institutes of Health, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Islamabad, Pakistan, Received: 31/03/03; accepted: 14/01/04 ABSTRACT We sought to identify factors associated with being a reservoir district for wild poliovirus in Pakistan. Differe...

Reservoir uncertainty analysis is targeted at obtaining assessments and predictions of reservoir performance, for the purpose of guiding development and operational decisions. However, accurately analyzing various reservoir uncertainty factors is a challenging issue due to the associated large-scale data manipulation and massive reservoir simulations which cannot be easily handled with the typi...

Evaporative fractionation of petroleum by gas injection over oil was established by Thompson. In this process he could fractionate reservoir petroleum to paraffin rich condensate in the shallow reservoir and aromatic rich residual oil in the original reservoir. In the present work attempt has been made to test fractionation by heating crude oil in a closed system to build up adequate vapour pre...

A method is presented for immunizing an Echo State Network against slow, task-irrelevant variation in its input. The main idea is to extract some principal components of the smoothed reservoir dynamics, and augment the reservoir with a feedback controller which attempts to pull these components to zero. This leads to a “homeostatic” self-stabilization of the reservoir dynamics. A proof-of-princ...

In this paper, an improved Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is proposed for reservoir operation. Through a collection of cooperative agents called ants, the near-optimum solution to the reservoir operation can be e ectively achieved. To apply the proposed ACO algorithm, the problem is approached by considering a nite horizon with a time series of in ow, classifying the reservoir volume t...

this study is focused on developing an integrated optimization-simulation based genetic algorithm model (iosga) to develop the operational policies for a multi-purpose reservoir system. the objective function of the optimization model is considered to be a linear function of reliability (rel), resiliency (res), and vulnerability (vul) of the river-reservoir system. genetic algorithm (ga) is emp...

An important mechanism for postoperative cognitive impairment after cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is microemboli. One component of the CPB circuit-the cardiotomy-is a major source of gaseous microemboli because it aspirates significant volumes of air with blood from the operative field and intracardiac chambers. Cardiotomies are either integrated within an open hardshell ve...

Time-series observations were conducted in the Dowleiswaram dam reservoir that was constructed on the largest monsoonal river in India to understand the source of inorganic carbon, and fluxes to the atmosphere. The reservoir stores water during dry period of six months and water increases during the period when Indian subcontinent receives significant rainfall. Significant modification of organ...

In Petroleum Engineering, reservoir management aims to maximise the profit from a hydrocarbon reservoir. Highly nonlinear numerical models, which describe the internal structure of hydrocarbon reservoirs, are used to make reservoir management decisions. These models are aimed at providing accurate predictions of the reservoir behaviour under different scenarios. This requires that the model par...