Pub lic sup port of sci ence is jus ti fied by three pri mary in stru men tal ra tio nales: sci en tific ad vance is nec es sary to cre ate new wealth; sci en tific ad vance is nec es sary to solve par tic u lar so ci etal prob lems; and sci en tific ad vance pro vides the in for ma tion nec es sary for mak ing ef fec tive de ci sions. Sig nif i cant and per sis tent dis par i ties be tween pro...

Through out most of our na tion's his tory, women of fend ers have been largely in visi ble or “for got ten” in a sys tem de signed to con trol and re ha bili tate men. Ac cord ing to Mau reen Cain, in both crimi nol ogy and more broadly in the crimi nal jus tice sys tem, women and girls “ex ist as Other: that is to say, they ex ist only in their dif fer ence from the male, the nor mal” (Cain, ...

We investigate the origin and evolution of the legal institution of citizenship. We compile a new data set on citizenship laws across countries of the world which documents how these institutions have evolved from the legal tradition of common and civil law established in the course of the 19th century. We show that in the postwar period citizenship laws have responded endogenously and systemat...

book is the last period which covers their own professional lifetimes, 1946 to 1976. In the first two sections the material is divided into more general topics such as medical education, medical practice, research, preventive medicine, and governmental control, whereas the third although dealing with some of these is devoted mainly to special subjects: drugs, cardiology, genetics, biochemistry,...

Vi lever i en tid da «kunstig intelligens» og andre nye digitale teknologier får stor oppmerksomhet. Det kan få oss til å glemme at rettslivet mye av samfunnet ellers allerede er gjennomdigitalisert, det den eksisterende, konvensjonelle teknologien som mest avgjørende for etterlevelsen rettslige idealer prinsipper dagens morgendagens digitaliserte samfunn. I denne artikkelen gjennomgår forfatte...

Despite their impor tance in assess ing the impact of pol i cies, out come eval u a tions—and in par tic u lar ran dom ized exper i ments—are rel a tively rare. The ratio nal iza tions used to jus tify the absence of out come eval u a tions include such asser tions as “we know our pro grams are work ing,” “they can’t pos si bly harm any one,” and “if they only help one kid they’re worth it.” Us...