When two groups of market actors differ in how to interpret a common label, each can make claims over the label. One categorical interpretation and the group that supports it risk disappearance if the rival interpretation gains ground. We argue that when members of the endangered category become partial defectors that span categories, their history presents challenges to the identity of nondefe...

Creating effective global eLearning initiatives requires strategic planning and process development to avoid mistakes that can turn off global learners. In order to successfully implement a global training program in a cost effective, efficient way, corporations must consider budget, timing, design, and content relevancy. These factors become more complex when considering lingual, regional and ...

The conventional wisdom is that security priorities should be set by risk analysis. However, reality is subtly different: many computer security systems are at least as much about shedding liability as about minimising risk. Banks use computer security mechanisms to transfer liability to their customers; companies use them to transfer liability to their insurers, or (via the public prosecutor) ...

(IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." To learn the ...

1 Authors listed in alphabetical order.

It has been found that risk analyses carried out in accordance with the European Standards and reflecting the specific detail of each application has led to a great escalation of cost of safety approval. Producing a separate risk analysis for each installation in a country increases the costs without discernable benefit. There is scope for making substantial cost reduction through new approache...

following the recent work of the authors in development and numerical verification of a new kinematic approach of the limit analysis for surface footings on non-associative materials, a practical procedure is proposed to utilize the theory. it is known that both the peak friction angle and dilation angle depend on the sand density as well as the stress level, which was not the concern of the fo...

Motivation. The integral of lognormal random fields is the central quantity of many probabilistic models in portfolio risk analysis, spatial point processes, etc. (see, e.g., Liu and Xu [12, 14]). The current analysis is of interest particularly for risk analysis of short-term behavior of a large size portfolio under high correlations. We elaborate more on this application. Consider a portfolio...