background and objective: although diabetes mellitus is known to be one of the risk factors for dementia but neuropathic changes in the brain of diabetic patients have not been completely revealed. therefore, this research study was done to evaluate structural changes in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal ca1 area of male diabetic rats using golgi-impregnation method. materials and methods: male ...

Objective(s): To reach an evidence-based knowledge in the context of the temporal-spatial pattern of neuronal death and find appropriate time of intervention in order to preserve spared neurons and promote regeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Materials and Methods: The study design was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-guided...

SEE PAGE 47 A MP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a molecular energy sensor that is essential to the stress response in the heart (1). AMPK is activated during energy imbalance, when the ADPor AMP-toATP ratio increases. Because few proteins have adenine nucleotide binding domains, the activation of a protein kinase, which phosphorylates numerous downstream proteins, amplifies the energy stres...

Neurons of the cerebral cortex are organized in layers and columns. Unlike laminar patterning, the mechanisms underlying columnar organization remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that ephrin-B1 plays a key role in this process through the control of nonradial steps of migration of pyramidal neurons. In vivo gain of function of ephrin-B1 resulted in a reduction of tangential motility of pyr...

AIM To investigate the effects of phenytoin (DPH) on morphological and structural changes of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA3 of rats induced by chronic stress. METHODS Using Nissl staining, Golgi staining, and electron microscope, the morphology and structure of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA3 of rats were observed. RESULTS Chronic stress resulted in loss of hippocampal CA3 pyrami...

BACKGROUND The level of expression of functional α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is believed to be very low compared to hippocampal CA1 interneurons, and for many years this expression was largely overlooked. However, high densities of expression of functional α7-containing nAChRs in CA1 pyramidal neurons may not be necessary for tri...

Caption: Pyramidal neurons, light micrograph with Nissl staining. This sample, from a human brain, shows two pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons (nerve cells) have a triangular cell body with dendrites leading from two of their corners and one long axon (bottom) extending from the other. The cell nuclei (round, dark) are visible here. Information from the dendrites is processed by the cell bod...

Pyramidal cells are the most abundant type of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Their activity has been associated with higher cognitive and emotional functions. Pyramidal cells have a characteristic structure, consisting of a triangularly shaped soma where from two complex dendritic trees and a long bifurcated axon extend. All the morphological components of the pyramidal neurons exhibit signifi...

The neuromodulator acetylcholine (ACh) shapes neocortical function during sensory perception, motor control, arousal, attention, learning, and memory. Here we investigate the mechanisms by which ACh affects neocortical pyramidal neurons in adult mice. Stimulation of cholinergic axons activated muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors on pyramidal neurons in all cortical layers and in multiple cor...

Background Memory retrieval refers to reexposure to information previously encoded and stored in the brain. Following retrieval, a once-consolidated memory destabilizes and undergoes reconsolidation, during which gene expression changes to restabilize memory. Investigating epigenetic regulation during reconsolidation could provide insights into normal memory formation and pathological memory as...