Informal economy (IE) is second only to the US economy in size; however, the role of ICT in IE remains largely unexplored. In this study, we conduct an empirical analysis of the role of ICT in IE growth. With PLS analysis involving more than 100 nations, we show that ICT products and software piracy may play important roles in IE growth, that impact of ICT and other determinants on IE growth re...

With minimal sleight of hand, it is possible to transform the recent growth experience of the People’s Republic of China from the extraordinary into the mundane. Systematic understatement of inflation by enterprises accounts for 2.5 percent growth per year in the nonagricultural economy during the first two decades of the reform period (1978–98). The usual suspects (i.e., rising participation r...

The sharing economy will blur the distinctions between renting and owning a wide variety of durable products. The first great entrepreneurial (Neolithic) revolution transformed hunter-gatherers into fixed agriculturalists. The second (Industrial) revolution dramatically reduced the costs of owning products. The third (Transactions Costs) revolution will reduce the costs of exchange, fostering a...

The authors analyze the activities of Iran's consular services in Caucasus, their role Russian-Caucasian diplomatic relations, particular, processes Iranian labor migrants’ adaptation to host societies. aim expand historical knowledge Iranians’ staying restore a complete picture history migration region. There are revealed features Iranian-Caucasian relations pre-Soviet period, situation migran...

although economists and entrepreneurs had been aware of the impact of economies of scale on average cost, no comprehensive theory was introduced until 1950s. economies of scale is used by economist as a practical measure for evaluating the extent of competition (monopoly) in real markets. there are two primary aims of this paper: 1) to introduce theoretical aspects of economies of scale, 2) to ...

we compare alternative monetary policies for iranian economy that this paper compares alternative monetary policy rules for iranian economy in faces to both internal and external shocks. for this purpose, we investigate the responses of macroeconomic variables respected to the money base and the terms of trade shocks, under three types of monetary rules including fixed exchange rate, inflation ...

OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate gender differences in depression scores of Iranian and German medical students. METHODS Two hundred Iranian medical students (100 men and 100 women) and 200 German medical students (100 men and 100 women) were selected randomly and completed the English form of the self-rating Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Analysis gave a mean rating of 10.7 ± 6....

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor as it copied material by corresponding author, previously published in the article ‘‘Trade-based technology transfers and its impact on the Iranian economy:  A GTAP model’’, by Bahmani and Nejati, Iran. Econ. Rev. Vol.19, No.1, 2015. p.107-122.