tea is the second most commonly consumed beverage world wide. tea ( camellia sinensis ) is a naturally rich source of fluoride. the quantity of fluoride intake is important in optimizing its dental caries-preventive role. intense concentration of fluoride in tea, can lead to excessive fluoride intake which may cause health problems in turn. the measurement of fluoride intake usually requires in...

With today’s trend toward higher store concentration, building strong store brands has become a priority for many retailing companies. This study aims to analyze the differences in store brands’ purchasing likelihood between store brands with a manufacturer identification – a manufacturer signature – and store brands with no information about the manufacturer, as well as the moderating role of ...

OBJECTIVE Recently published research has identified the alcohol brands most frequently consumed by underage youth. The present study examines alcohol magazine advertising in 2011 to report age- and sex-specific exposure to advertisements for these brands in contrast with other magazine advertising brands less popular with youth. METHOD We licensed magazine advertising occurrence data from Ni...

INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes are largely unregulated and internet sales are substantial. This study examines how the online market for e-cigarettes has changed over time: in product design and in marketing messages appearing on websites. METHODS Comprehensive internet searches of English-language websites from May-August 2012 and December 2013-January 2014 identified brands, models, flavours, ni...

BACKGROUND Recent tax increases in Mexico differed in structure and provided an opportunity to better understand tobacco industry pricing strategies, as well as smokers' responses to any resulting price changes. OBJECTIVES To assess if taxes were passed onto consumers of different cigarette brands, the extent of brand switching and predictors of preference for cheaper national brands. METHO...

OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS To determine whether a temporal relationship exists between the advertising and sales of low-tar cigarettes. It was hypothesised that increases in the advertising of low-tar cigarettes would precede increases in sales for these cigarettes. METHODS The themes of cigarette advertisements were reviewed and coded for 20 low-tar cigarette brands advertised in 13 widely rea...

One of the applications of ergonomics disciplinary is designing driver workstation compatible to users' characteristics. The aim of this study was evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle with respect to the accommodation for Iranian population and proposing suggestions for customizing design of this vehicle. This study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted among thirty men from Ir...

Proprietary brands are a major vehicle for producer profits: consumers have been shown willing to pay a considerable “brand premium” for a branded product over an otherwise identical unbranded product. Prior literature has implicitly assumed that only producers develop brands. In this paper, we report that user communities also can and do develop strong proprietary brands capable of commanding ...

raffic collision ranks as the second most common cause of mortality among Iranian people.1 Several studies have reported that Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) increases the risk of car crash.1,2,3 About 27% of the Iranian population suffers from OSAS.4 Some studies have revealed that a history of witnessed apnea is the most important predictor of motor vehicle crash.1 In this report, we ...