background: the aim of this work was to study the output factors for linac using different ionization chambers and build up caps. materials and methods: output factors were measured for open square fields (3 × 3 cm to 40 × 40 cm) defined by collimator jaws for 6 and 15 mv photon beams from a varian clinac 2100c accelerator were measured. the measurements in air were performed using compact cyli...

In this paper the potential of utilizing strain for suppressing impact ionization is evaluated. It is found that if compressive strain is introduced without altering the bandgap (e.g. by using properly tailored InGaAlAs alloys) the threshold energy for electron impact ionization is significantlv increased for both GaAs-based and InP-based materials. Pseudomorphic devices such as n-type In,Ga, -...

Corona discharge modeling mostly relies on two, distinct, approaches: high-fidelity, numerically challenging, unsteady simulations having high-computational cost or low-fidelity based empirical assumptions such as constant electric field at the emitter electrode. For purpose of steady current predictions, high-fidelity models are very costly to use whilst have limited range validity owing subtl...

In the reported experiments of McLean and Hastings, their equation was found to be valid for predicting the calcium ion concentration from the total calcium and total protein when the sera contained 7.5 grams of protein per 100 cc. or less. It has recently been shown by Gutman and Gutman (3) that serum from cases of hyperglobulinemia had less total calcium than one would have expected, if the c...

We present new computations of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium cooling efficiencies and ionization states for low-density radiatively cooling gas containing cosmic abundances of the elements H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. We present results for gas temperatures between 10 and 10 K, assuming dust-free and optically thin conditions, and no external radiation. For non-equilibrium cooli...

ABSTRACT The models currently used for the analysis of reflection spectra black holes usually assume a disc with constant ionization and electron density. However, there is some debate on impact these assumptions estimate properties sources, in particular when fits suggest very steep emissivity profiles inner part accretion disc. In this work, we re-analyse selected set high-quality NuSTAR Suza...

The break-down of metals vapour (Al, Cu) are simulated near the break-down threshold values of laser radiation. The approximations of collision-radiation model are used, including the detail kinetics of exited states with radiation and collision transitions, step-by-step ionisation process, unexitation and recombination. Energy balance is based on two-temperature approximation : for electrons a...