Our paper is a first attempt to evaluate the long run impact of reference pricing on pharmaceutical innovation, health and expenditures. The model is based on a dynamic game involving three types of agents: pharmaceutical firms, consumers and a regulatory entity. Pharmaceutical firms choose the level of research investment and its innovative content, then negotiate introductory prices for new d...

Developing technology standards require significant upfront investment expenditures. The value of the resulting technology depends on how it is deployed (e.g., proprietary use versus licensing) and remains uncertain. Hence, the rules governing investments in technology development must be conditioned on the subsequent deployment strategy (e.g. licensing fee) and the nature of uncertainty. In th...

The study of memory for event duration in pigeons has, for the most part, centered on an unusual behavioral phenomenon and an interesting theoretical explanation for it. A typical experiment on memory for event duration involves trials initiated by a sample stimulus that is either short or long in duration (e.g., 2 vs. 10 sec of houselight) and that is later followed by the simultaneous present...

ERIS, an energy-systems optimization model that endogenizes learning curves, is modified in order to incorporate the effects of R&D investments, an important contributing factor to the technological progress of a given technology. For such purpose a modified version of the standard learning curve formulation is applied, where the investment costs of the technologies depend both on cumulative ca...

This paper is an in depth analysis of the influence that investment into research and development has on a firm’s profitability in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. The pharmaceutical industry is chosen due to its high intensity of research and development expenditures. The top 16 companies in the pharmaceutical industry are analyzed through regression analysis. The argument mad...

This article comes from research that sought to deepen existing discussions on the evaluation of IT investments and to assess their impact on organizational performance. The goal was to identify and analyze the impacts of spending and investments in information technology in the financial performance of Brazilian industries. The results allowed to state that the industries that have invested in...

This research is mainly aimed at determining the effect of renewable energy (RE), education expenditures, and CO2 emissions on health expenditures in selected South Asian countries. There an insufficient number studies that investigate linkages between (HE) study combined RE gross domestic product (GDP) to identify their spending. We utilized annual data 1990–2018, applied FMOLS DOLS estimators...

For many real-world markets (such as media, telecommunications, high tech markets, commercial aircrafts, etc.), incurring endogenous sunk costs (in the form of quality enhancing expenditures), in the presence of R&D spillovers, is an essential feature of competition. We study the interaction between these sunk costs and R&D spillovers relying on the Sutton’s concept of endogenous sunk costs and...

This article uses a unique data set on private homeowners’ observed investments in defensible space for 35 wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities in Nevada to analyze how the appropriate policy to promote defensible space, if any, should differ between WUI communities. To analyze this issue, we assess the extent to which three prominent explanations for homeowner underinvestment in defensib...