Genetic association studies test for a correlation between disease status and genetic variation to identify candidate genes or genome regions that contribute to a specific disease. A higher frequency of a singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele or genotype in a series of individuals affected with a disease can be interpreted as meaning that the tested variant increases the risk of a specific...

background: epidemics of mosquito-borne viral infections such as dengue, chikungunya, west nile and rift valley fevers in neighbouring countries and risk of introduction of exotic vectors into iran have placed this country at a significant risk for these mosquito-borne diseases. methods: after the first dengue case reported in iran in 2008, active entomological surveillance of aedes albopictus ...

This volume arose from a longstanding conviction that our subjective experience of information technology is profoundly affected by the extent to which we feel ourselves to be really present in the mediated worlds that the technology makes available to us. ‘Presence’ is just this “feeling of being inside the mediated world”. It is a crucial and increasingly necessary element in both design and ...

ion/generalization: thinking at high level, e.g. ability to view two different systems as being the same representation: modeling the ideas and entities that are being dealt with, e.g. shapes as strings algorithm: finding ways and methods to ahieve what is needed (this is not always possible) program: representation or encoding of an algorithm, usually machine dependent, e.g. the same addition ...

This chapter outlines and discusses important microand nanofabrication techniques. We start with the most basic methods borrowed from the integrated circuit (IC) industry, such as thinfilm deposition, lithography and etching, and then move on to look at microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanofabrication technologies. We cover a broad range of dimensions, from the micron to the nanometer ...

fiqh (islamic jurisprudence) is known as the knowledge of life in islamic literature. so, political fiqh is usually defined as a go-between and coherent adaptor of faith and politics in islamic communities. in this article, i outline the general anatomy of political fiqh and attempt to provide a productive paradigm for understanding islamic society's politics. i concentrate in particular o...

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Engineering economy set of mathematical techniques for economic evaluation of investment projects that present value and internal rate of return method are among the most important of these methods. Managers and investors have many reasons to using internal rate of return greater willingness shown. This is while the serious problems associated with using internal rate of return method. In recen...