We use a sample of 40 developing and emerging countries over the period 1995–2015 to assess effectiveness international reserve holding as crisis mitigator. test relevance accumulation decreasing returns assumption by estimating most recent version PSTR model. find that increasing stocks reserves allows domestic authorities mitigate negative impacts financial banking vulnerabilities on GDP grow...

B anks hold reserves in the form of account balances at the central bank and vault cash. The average aggregate reserves of depository institutions in the United States during 2005 was $46 billion. Banks use these reserves to settle payments to other banks (and other participants in financial markets) during the day. In 2005, the average daily value of Fedwire fund transfers—the primary means by...

China has the largest foreign exchange reserve in world, but high is a double-edged sword for country. There are two kinds of analysis this. First, China's reserves have far exceeded reasonable scale, which will cause to pay extremely management costs. Second, considerable, this objective demand economy. Sufficient can make occupy favorable position international development. Based on data rese...

We used the global fire detection record provided by the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to determine the number of fires detected inside 823 tropical and subtropical moist forest reserves and for contiguous buffer areas 5, 10, and 15 km wide. The ratio of fire detection densities (detections per square kilometer) inside reserves to their contiguous buffer ...