Over 56,000 aortic valves are replaced annually in the United States, making AS the second most common reason for heart surgery, behind only coronary artery disease. The intraoperative echocardiographer plays a part in confirming the diagnosis of AS, quantifying its severity, and ensuring proper prosthetic valve function postoperatively. However, the aortic valve is only one component of the ao...

Listening is regarded as an interactive process involving decoding of information. This study was launched to find out the impact of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) techniques on Iranian lower and upper intermediate learners’ listening comprehension. We selected a total of 120 participants in six intact classes, three lower intermediate and three upper intermediate. The proficiency level of th...