Introduction State and local transportation agencies frequently use opengraded aggregates for wall, roadway, and bridge construction. The primary advantages of using this type of material in wall and abutment applications are ease of constructability, lighter in-place density than well-graded materials, very low fine content, free-draining characteristics, and simpler quality assurance testing,...

The native mathematical language of trigonometry is combinatorial. Two interrelated combinatorial symmetric functions underlie trigonometry. We use their characteristics to derive identities for the trigonometric functions of multiple distinct angles. When applied to the sum of an infinite number of infinitesimal angles, these identities lead to the power series expansions of the trigonometric ...

This paper presents an investigation on mechanism of the inclined 1 cone penetration test (CPT) using the numerical discrete element method (DEM). 2 A series of penetration tests with the penetrometer inclined at different angles 3 (i.e., 0°,15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) were numerically performed under µ=0.0 and 4 µ=0.5, where µ is the frictional coefficient between the penetrometer and the soil. 5 T...

In friction stir welding frictional heat is generated by the rotating tool, sliding over the stationary plate along the weld centre. Tool being the only source of heat producing member, its geometrical design influences the heat generation rate. In this present work, effects of variation in tool shoulder and tool pin taper angles on thermal history during joining are analysed. Tools with triang...

An instantaneous rigid force model for prediction of cutting forces in ball-end milling of  sculptured surfaces is presented in this paper. A commercially available geometric engine is used to represent the cutting edge, cutter and updated part geometries. The cutter used in this work is an insert type ball-end mill. Intersecting an inclined plane with the cutter ball nose generates the cutting...

Tracers released into the pelagic, stratified center of lakes, show that interior mixing—based on both mode-related internal shear and higherfrequency internal waves – is extremely weak. After horizontal spreading, the tracers “feel” the local bottom boundaries (BBL) and the basin-scale diapycnal (vertical) mixing increases by more than one order of magnitude. Balancing kinetic energy and dissi...

This paper presents a novel technique for simplifying a triangulated surface at different levels of resolution. While most existing algorithms, based on iterative vertex decimation, employ the distance for error metric, the proposed algorithm utilizes an edge criterion for removing a vertex. An interior angle of a vertex is defined as the maximum value of all possible angles formed by combinati...

The radar cross-section patterns of lossy dihedral corner reflectors are calculated using a uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for impedance surfaces. All terms of up to third order reflections and diffractions are considered for patterns in the principal plane. The surface waves are included whenever they exist for reactive surface impedances. The dihedral corner reflectors examined hav...

Hybrid evolutionary computational technique is developed to jointly estimate the amplitude, frequency, range, and 2D direction of arrival (elevation and azimuth angles) of near-field sources impinging on centrosymmetric cross array. Specifically, genetic algorithm is used as a global optimizer, whereas pattern search and interior point algorithms are employed as rapid local search optimizers. F...