Users are typically authenticated by their passwords. Because people are known to choose convenient passwords, which tend to be easy to guess, authenti-cation protocols have been developed that protect user passwords from guessing attacks. These proposed protocols , however, use more messages and rounds than those protocols that are not resistant to guessing attacks. This paper gives new protoc...

Users are normally authenticated via their passwords in computer systems. Since people tend to choose passwords that can be easily remembered, the systems are under the threat of guessing attacks. Many authentication and key distribution protocols have been proposed to protect user passwords from guessing attacks. However, these protocols either are limited to some specific environments or incu...

s:2087:"Background: Surrogacy is one of the scientific revolutions in infertility domain in recent decades. Despite the widespread use of this technique especially surrogacy in Iran, studies about experiences of its clients are rare. Optimal care of commissioning mothers in surrogacy, requires proper understanding the process of motherhood. The aim of this study was exploration of the motherhoo...

Background: Asking questions is an important scientific practice, and students around the world are expected to learn how to ask their own research questions while performing inquiry. In contrast to authentic scientific inquiry, in most simple inquiry tasks that are carried out in schools, the research questions are given to the students. Here, we characterized the teaching and learning of rese...

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the behavior of asymmetric players in guessing games. The asymmetry is created by introducing $$r>1$$ replicas one players. Two-player restricted N-player cases are examined detail. Based on model parameters, equilibrium either unique which all choose zero or mixed weak player ( $$r=1$$ ) imitates strong ). A series experiments involving ...