this study aimed to evaluate the reliability factors, and identify causes of error in direct anthropometry method. after training three beginner anthropometrists and following the instructions of anthropometric standards, 48 body dimensions of 42 male students were measured three times. in other words, the physical dimensions of each subject were measured for 9 times. all participants were wear...

Identifying methods to increase cooperation and efficiency in public goods provision is of vital interest for human societies. The methods that have been proposed often incur costs that (more than) destroy the efficiency gains through increased cooperation. It has for example been shown that inter-group conflict increases intra-group cooperation, however at the cost of collective efficiency. We...

At carrying capacity, small advantages in competitive ability can compensate a sexual population for its two-fold disadvantage in growth capacity when facing invasion by asexual mutants. In this paper, we develop a generic analytical model to consider the ecology of a sexual population comprising equal numbers of males and females, competing for shared prey resources with multiple female-only c...

Background: The basic plant material consisted of 9 mungbean and 5 urdbean genotypes. 42 different crosses were made comprising 13 Vigna radiata x V. radiata, 4 mungo 25 crosses. Varying degree success has been achieved in obtaining intraspecific interspecific having desired variability for yield contributing traits along with MYMV resistance. Methods: present investigation was done at Agricult...

Hierarchical structured models for scramble and contest intraspecific competition are derived. The dynamical consequences of the two modes of competition are studied under the assumption that both populations divide up the same amount of a limiting resource at equal population levels. A comparison of equilibrium levels and their resiliences is made in order to determine which mode of competitio...

Spruce-fir-beech mixed forests cover a large area in European mountain regions, with high ecological and socio-economic importance. As elevation-zone systems they are highly affected by climate change, which is modifying species growth patterns productivity shifts among species. The extent to associated tree can access resources grow asynchronously may affect their resistance persistence under ...

Abstract Late watergrass [ Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss.] has evolved multiple-resistance (MR) to herbicides in many areas worldwide and scientists wonder if this resistance imposed fitness cost or advantage on the resistant biotypes. As of weed also been recorded Greece, one susceptible (S), with ALS (penoxsulam, bispyribac, imazamox nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron) ACCase-cyhalofop (MRAC) ...