In our effort to understand the transcriptional regulation of naturally occurring TATA-less but initiator (Inr)-containing genes, we have employed the murine T-cell receptor Vbeta 5.2 promoter as a model. Here we show by transient-transfection assays that the Inr binding transcription factor TFII-I is required for efficient expression of the Vbeta promoter in vivo. Mutations in the Inr element ...

BACKGROUND For ablation of atrial fibrillation, it is unclear how baseline international normalized ratio (INR) affects the dosing of unfractionated heparin (UFH). METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective review of 170 consecutive patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation with baseline activated clotting time (ACT) and INR values was performed. Patients were grouped according to INR <2.0 (G...

The intestinal nerve of Remak (INR) is unique to birds. The exact distributions and secretions of the peptide transmitters in the INR that innervate the intestine, and the patterns of their projections to the nerve plexus of the intestinal wall, are still unclear. In the present study, the distributions of chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mRNA and substance P (SP) mRNA in the chicken...

Asymptomatic elevation of the international normalized ratio (INR) is a common problem associated with hemorrhage. Evidence from randomized controlled trials supports the use of low-dose oral vitamin K therapy as a treatment that promptly reduces the INR. Vitamin K given orally is more effective than subcutaneous vitamin K injection, and as effective as intravenous administration when INR value...

OBJECTIVES Use of a local calibrator has been recommended for standardization of the international normalized ratio (INR) and international sensitivity index (ISI). We investigated the performance of two commercial local calibrators for warfarin monitoring and determined the significance of liver-specific INR. METHODS ISI values were determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) method...

AIM To study in patients performing international normalized ratio (INR) self-control the efficacy and safety of an INR target range of 1.6-2.1 for aortic valve replacement (AVR) and 2.0-2.5 for mitral valve replacement (MVR) or double valve replacement (DVR). METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 1304 patients undergoing AVR, 189 undergoing MVR and 78 undergoing DVR were randomly assigned to low-dos...

Recent studies have indicated that the insulin-signaling pathway controls body and organ size in Drosophila, and most metazoans, by signaling nutritional conditions to the growing organs. The temporal requirements for insulin signaling during development are, however, unknown. Using a temperature-sensitive insulin receptor (Inr) mutation in Drosophila, we show that the developmental requirement...

BACKGROUND Haemostatic impairment can have a crucial impact on the outcome of emergency patients, especially in cases of concomitant antithrombotic drug treatment. In this prospective observational study we used a point of care (POC) coagulometer in a prehospital physician-based emergency medical system in order to test its validity and potential value in the treatment of emergency patients. ...

BACKGROUND Preventing pulmonary embolism is a priority after major musculoskeletal surgery. The literature contains discrepant data regarding the influence of anticoagulation on the incidence of pulmonary embolism after joint arthroplasty. The American College of Chest Physicians guidelines recommend administration of oral anticoagulants (warfarin), aiming for an international normalized ratio ...

BACKGROUND Excessive anticoagulation increases the risk of hemorrhagic complications associated with oral anticoagulant therapy. Oral or parenteral phytonadione is used to reverse excessive anticoagulation. Intravenous (IV) phytonadione, while effective, is associated with a small risk of serious anaphylactic reactions. Subcutaneous (SC) administration is safer, but there is little information ...