Because self-reported health status [SRHS] is an ordered response variable, inequality measurement for SRHS data requires a numerical scale for converting individual responses into a summary statistic. The choice of scale is however problematic, since small variations in the numerical scale may reverse the ordering of a given pair of distributions of SRHS data in relation to conventional inequa...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of smoking and alcohol use on the increase in social inequality in mortality in Denmark in the period 1985-2009. DESIGN A nationwide register-based study. SETTING Denmark. PARTICIPANTS The whole Danish population aged 30 years or more in the period 1985-2009. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome is mortalit...

This paper considers the problem of constructing a normatively significant multidimensional Gini index of relative inequality. The social evaluation relation (SER) from which the index is derived is required to satisfy a weak version of the Pigou-Dalton Bundle Principle (WPDBP) (rather than Uniform Majorization or similar conditions). It is also desired to satisfy a weak form of the condition o...

In this paper, we study the relation between life expectancy and both average income and measures of income inequality in 1980 and 1990, using the 17 Spanish regions as units of analysis. Average income was measured as average total income per household. The indicators of income inequality used were three measures of relative poverty-the percentage of households with total income less than 25%,...

This paper argues that consideration of world inequality should cause us to reexamine the key concepts underlying the welfare approach to the measurement of income inequality and the inter-relation between the measurement of inequality and the measurement of poverty. There are three reasons why we feel that a reexamination is necessary: (i) the extent of global income differences means that we ...

THE ABSTRACT COULD BE REWRITTEN EMPHASIZING THE TRADITIONAL DIFFICULTIES IN FINDING A RELATION BETWEEN INEQU. AND CONFLICT AND OUR EXPLANATION FOR THAT. Most empirical studies on civil conflict are not able to find a significant relationship between interpersonal-measures of economic inequality and the likelihood of conflict. When individuals belong to groups, general inequality (measured by th...

There are substantial differences in happiness in nations. Average happiness on scale 0-10 ranges in 2006 from 3.24 in Togo to 8.00 in Denmark and the inequality of happiness, as measured by the standard deviation, ranges from 0.85 in Laos to 3.02 in the Dominican Republic. Much of these differences are due to quality of governance and in particular to 'technical' quality. Once a minimum level ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the income distribution in a Russian region has a "contextual" effect on individuals' self rated health, and whether the regional income distributions are related to regional health differences. METHODS The Russia longitudinal monitoring survey (RLMS) is a survey (n = 7696) that is representative of the Russian population. With multilevel regressions bot...

A norm inequality is proved for elements of a star algebra so that the algebra is noncommutative. In particular, a relation between maximal and minimal extensions of regular norm on a C∗-algebra is established.