The status of Indo-Pacific Briareum species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Briareidae) is reviewed by presenting their sclerite features and habitus descriptions. Following the re-examination of type material, museum specimens and newly collected specimens, a species identification key is provided. The species distributions are discussed and updated distribution ranges are depicted. Moreover, a new t...

Abstract This paper analyzes and supports the claim that Vedic Sanskrit preserves traces of contrast between Indo-European labiovelars plain velars—a striking archaism in Indo-Iranian family, which otherwise collapsed two velar series. These labiovelar vestiges emerge because pervasive labialization syllabic consonantal rhotics at all attested stages family. Two rhotic environments are examined...

the link between international conflict and economy linkage is one of the focal subjects in international political economy (ipe). the aim of this article is to scrutinise the impact of the economic factor on managing indo-pakistan conflict based on ipe approaches. so, the article organizes as follows: first, it is tried to provide a brief coherent theoretical framework concentrated on conflict...

We examined the population structure of the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the Indo-West Paci®c by analyzing the geographic distribution of elongation factor 1-alpha intron sequences from specimens collected during the winter and spring of 1997. Both the molecular phylogeny of alleles and F-statistics indicated very strong di€erentiation between populations from the west...

A contrasting trend pattern of sea surface salinity (SSS) between the western tropical Pacific (WTP) and the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) is observed during 2004-2013, with significant salinity increase in the WTP and freshening in the SETIO. In this study, we show that increased precipitation around the Maritime Continent (MC), decreased precipitation in the western-central tropi...

Explanations for the emergence of monogamous marriage have focused on the cross-cultural distribution of marriage strategies, thus failing to account for their history. In this paper I reconstruct the pattern of change in marriage strategies in the history of societies speaking Indo-European languages, using cross-cultural data in the systematic and explicitly historical framework afforded by t...

This paper describes our efforts for the development of a Proposition Bank for Urdu, an Indo-Aryan language. Our primary goal is the labeling of syntactic nodes in the existing Urdu dependency Treebank with specific argument labels. In essence, it involves annotation of predicate argument structures of both simple and complex predicates in the Treebank corpus. In this paper, we describe the ove...

In this study, we provide a detailed phonetic description of the F0 patterns of Punjabi, an Indo-European language that is believed to be be undergoing tonogenesis. The purported emergent tone in Punjabi is associated with only one class of consonants – those which are thought to be historically voiced aspirated, but now may have lost both aspiration and voicing, instead being differentiated fr...

Words expressing spatial relationships in Hittite are synchronically adverbs, not case forms of nouns as sometimes alleged. They are attested in three distinct syntactic roles: postpositions, preverbs, and freestanding adverbs. Some of these local adverbs are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while others reflect petrified case forms of nouns. Postpositions from inherited local adverbs origin...

The world is “becoming flat” (Friedman, 2005), this means that innovations are emerging thanks to the deployment of new open collaborative frameworks and Information and Communication Technologies that enable the development of new products and services. Additionally, there are two key emerging trends changing the business arena: 1) the fast development of economies, such as China and India tha...