Avian encephalomyelitis is caused by a Tremovirus and primarily affects chickens. The virus can infect young chicks and cause nervous symptoms. Vaccines are used to control the disease in breeders. Recently, the occurrence of the disease is causing concern in the poultry industry. In the present study, we report a case of avian encephalomyelitis in one broiler farm in Kashan (center of Iran). T...

The social organization of a population is the consequence of the decisions made by individuals to maximize their fitness, so differences in social systems may arise from differences in ecological conditions. Here, we show how a long-lived species that used to breed monogamously, and at low densities, can change its mating system in response to habitat saturation. We found that a significant pr...

In M33 cockerels, the rapid phase of testicular growth and the onset of sperm production were advanced either by increasing daylengths or an interrupted-night photoschedule; they were delayed by constant short days (8L). The results observed under constant long days (16L) were intermediate. In this strain, the cockerels maintained their mean testicular weight during the adult period while their...

In changing environments, animals face unexpected problems to solve. Not all individuals in a population are equally able solve new problems. It still remains unclear what factors (e.g. age and body condition) influence the propensity of problem solving. We investigated variation problem-solving performance among males following alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). studied free-ranging Afri...

Gladiolus as economically important flowering plants reflect the wide range of morphological variability inflorescences. The aim current gladiolus breeders is to create interesting new genotypes by different breeding techniques, carrying a variety colour, size, texture and shapes flowers Despite well-established characterization germplasm, genomic screening functional markers can provide useful...