Introduction The recommendations in this 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care are based on an extensive evidence review process that was begun by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) after the publication of the 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergenc...

BACKGROUND Calls for evidence-informed public health policy, with implicit promises of greater program effectiveness, have intensified recently. The methods to produce such policies are not self-evident, requiring a conciliation of values and norms between policy-makers and evidence producers. In particular, the translation of uncertainty from empirical research findings, particularly issues of...

BACKGROUND Clinical trials and observational data have variously shown a protective, harmful or neutral effect of antihypertensives on cognitive function. In theory, withdrawal of antihypertensives could improve cerebral perfusion and reduce or delay cognitive decline. However, it is also plausible that withdrawal of antihypertensives may have a detrimental effect on cognition through increased...

BACKGROUND It is generally assumed by practitioners and guideline authors that combined modalities (methods of treatment) are more effective than single modalities in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE), defined as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or both. This is an update of the review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to assess the eff...

Background Brexpiprazole is the newest antipsychotic drug approved as an adjunctive for treatment‐resistant depression. This systematic review provides comprehensive, high‐quality evidence effects of brexpiprazole in major depressive disorder (MDD) based on existing and emerging randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Objectives To evaluate benefits harms monotherapy or adjunct treatment acute lon...

Transit network conditions change everyday. While those changes should be considered for modifying a transit network, formulating and optimizing the whole transit network may be a costly, difficult task. This article uses a developed transit network design model to examine how optimal transit networks should be developed based on changes in input elements of the transit network. Three major inp...

Abstract Study question What is the effectiveness and safety of immunological therapies in women undergoing assisted conception? Summary answer The evidence on overall immunomodulators was scarce uncertain, although some drugs may lead to improved outcomes selected women. known already Embryo implantation a pre-requisite for pregnancy success. It requires state immune tolerance within maternal ...

ions have universal value, still requires the aid of instances, analogies and metaphors. The fewness of these abstractions saves the linguistic situation. If we employed, say, a hundred radically different types of connections (still a small number) the task of limiting the misunderstandings due to the variety in our references would have proved impossible. The fundamental connections being thu...

r Early attempts to measure the degree of neuromuscular block made use of the dynamometer for determining hand grip strength or devices to assess the maximal voluntary efforts of the abdominal recti (Mushin et al., 1949; Organe, Paton and Zaimis, 1949). Other methods involved measuring respiratory activity either by spirometry or by recording diaphragmatic movements on a fluorescent screen (Gui...

RATIONALE Evidence-based medicine represents the effort to highlight the best intervention for patients, clinicians, and policy makers, each from their respective viewpoint, to solve a particular health condition. According to a recently diffused grading system of evidence and recommendations for medical interventions, efficacy and safety represent 2 of the most important features to consider, ...