Applying an employment-income-based procedure for determining retirement, we analysed a large longitudinal data file of Canadian personal income tax returns for individuals to determine who has retired and to assess how successful they are in maintaining their incomes after retirement. The methodological approach may be of interest for possible application in other countries that have suitable ...

"The educational, occupational, industrial and income characteristics of immigrants in Canada, 1971-1986, are considered in the context of postindustrial structural changes in the economic and social system, including declining primary and secondary sectors. Seven alternative theoretical models are reviewed. A composite model of 'segmented structural change' is found to correspond more closel...

It is proper to preamble an essay of this sort with the observation that anyone who has received health care for a serious illness is likely to agree that, with few exceptions, health care sectors in the USA and elsewhere tend to be staffed with millions of smart and highly trained professionals who sincerely seek to improve the quality of their patients’ lives. Their admirable clinical efforts...

3.2.1 At the beginning of the new millennium, 260 million people in the country did not have incomes to access a consumption basket which defines the poverty line. Of these, 75 per cent were in the rural areas. India is home to 22 per cent of the world’s poor. Such a high incidence of poverty is a matter of concern in view of the fact that poverty eradication has been one of the major objective...

Health insurance coverage is a key component of access to the health care system. For women, such coverage facilitates access to the array of services they require across their lifetimes. This brief provides an overview of uninsured women ages 18--64 in California, examining subgroups of women at higher risk of being without coverage and looking at family incomes of uninsured women and at unins...

Polarization in context of income distribution refers to the decline of middle class. The empirical analysis of polarization is quite unexplored area in Pakistan. The present paper measures polarization for Pakistan and its rural and urban segments and the novel concept of time-decomposition of polarization has also been applied for the first time in Pakistan for the three latest survey years o...

This central objective is manifest in the sectoral strategies implemented by the various government ministries. For the Ministry of Agriculture, notably, the goal is to increase the incomes of small farmers. Given the very competitive agricultural sectors of its Thai and Vietnamese neighbors, Cambodia wishes to better showcase the quality of its products and obtain better prices for them.

Using a calibrated general equilibrium model of the South African economy, with 24 types of households identified by ethnic background and income classification, and labor disaggregated into 13 different categories, this paper assesses the impacts of trade reform on household incomes and income distribution. Our general conclusion is that trade reform will most likely improve the average welfar...

A kind of "unified theory" is proposed as a dynamic generalization of the standard consumersurplus methodology for evaluating welfare changes. The "unified theory" allows rigorous dynamic welfare comparisons to be inferred between any two economic situations-from just knowing current incomes and observing a short-run market demand schedule. Essentially, the change in present discounted future u...

Traditionally, the niche of a species is described as a hypothetical 3D space, constituted by well-known biotic interactions (e.g. predation, competition, trophic relationships, resource-consumer interactions, etc.) and various abiotic environmental factors. Species distribution models (SDMs), also called "niche models" and often used to predict wildlife distribution at landscape scale, are typ...