This paper proposes an iterative parallel genetic algorithm with biased initial population to solve large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. The proposed scheme employs a master-slave collaboration in which the master node manages searched space of slave nodes and assigns seeds to generate initial population to slaves for their restarting of evolution process. Our approach allows us as ...

Several polling algorithms have been proposed to overcome the slot wastage problem due to the exchange of POLL or NULL packets in the case of no data to transmit. However, most of these algorithms suffer from achieving the fairness among all slaves. This paper proposes two scheduling algorithms, Uplink Downlink Limited Round Robin (LRR) with fixed cycle time and Uplink Downlink LRR with adaptiv...

During the last quarter of the 17th century, African slaves were “imported” into the Americas in unprecedented numbers. This enlargement of the slave population represented a deep commitment to, and investment in, slavery. Slavery was to become commonplace and thus demanded moral, religious, and legal justification. Systematic colonization utilized European legal systems, which rationalized the...

In this paper, we propose a hybrid master/slave approach to optimization problems on the basis of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The master process estimates the probability distribution of the search space on the basis of the non-dependency model at each iteration and sends probability vectors to the slaves. The slaves use the vectors to generate a n...

There are two types of hookworm, Ancylostoma duodenale, known as the Old World hookworm, and Necator americanus, the New World hookworm. While both species may be found in Africa, Asia and the Americas, N. americanus is predominantly located in the Americas and Australia, while only A. duodenale is found in the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe (a). The origin of the New World speci...

The unique advantages of Bluetooth such as low power consumption capability, cheap hardware interfaces and easy set-up offer new application areas. This is a reason why Bluetooth is even considered for a Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) consisting of a large number of resource-constraint devices. Although several proposals are available for reducing power consumption for intra-piconet comm...

Bumalere village is located in the Loura region upper mountains of Karuni spring and at bottom there a called Likku spring. overgrown with trees, thorn bushes, steep rocks large rice fields foothills between Aba rivers. To reach this you have to pass through paths heights ravines that require energy it was customary time make houses for each tribe / Kabihu including on order avoid enemies who c...

The UN Convention on the Law of Sea prescribes that vessels have nationality State whose flag they are entitled to fly and there must exist “a genuine link” between a “flag State” (a which entitles vessel its flag) vessels” (the States’ flag). But has neither definition term “genuine as legal link “legal rights – obligations”, nor defines vessels’ obligations. We analyzed status obligations rel...

Abstract This study establishes that women slave-owners were specifically inscribed into South Carolina’s laws on slave management from the first decades of English colonization. Mistresses explicitly named alongside masters or incorporated gender-neutral rubric owner in a common understanding absolute ownership and authority over enslaved people was as much rooted female mastery male. Remarkab...

Dental enamel hypoplasia is a putative marker of childhood morbidity (nutritional or infectious stress) which can he analyzed by age-of-occurrence using a calcification standard. We have recorded age-specific occurrence of (a) minor linear hypoplasias, (b) pits, (c) major growth-arrest lines, and (d) combined hypoplasias in 103 specimens of 17-19th century Caribbean slaves. This population is p...