quran is a book of guidance and one can achieve guidance with reference to it. but as qur'an is mostly concerned with generalities and details is left to the prophet (pbuh), to understanding quran it is essential to refer to the hadith of the prophet. but because of unlimited depth of qur'an, the prophet (pbuh) could not explain all the hidden meanings of its verses, so he saw it nece...

abd al-rah?m?n al-s??f? is a well-known astronomer who has some works in astronomy, mathematics and alchemy. the importance of his s?uwar al-kaw?kib (book about the constellations) caused that researchers don’t practice his other works. four treatises on astrolabe are ascribed to al-s??f?, any one of them is in persian. attribution of the three arabic treatises among these four to him is certai...

abu abdullah mohammad ibn musa al-khawarizmi was born at khawarizm (kheva), south of aral sea. very little is known about his early life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of baghdad. the exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is established that he flourished under al- mamun at baghdad through 813-833 and probably died around 840 a.d. kha...

one of the greatest physicians and encyclopedists in middle ages in europe was born in al-ahwaz (c.930) from old persian stock. ‘alī was moved to shīrāz at an early age and made his medical studies under a physician of this city, abū mahir mūsā ibn sayyar. he practised medicine in baghdad in mid – tenth century and served as physician to ‘adud al-dawla, to whom he dedicated his only composition...

conclusions the current study showed that poorness and unreliability of “al-kafi” narratives is a vain thought. hence, it is recommended to perform clinical trial studies (at least) on accurate/authentic narratives, and also consider them as reputable and valid narratives, along with traditional medicine references. results from all narratives of the book “al-kafi” (pillars, furoo, and rouzat a...