in order to protect individual and society from deviations and indecent activities, there are appropriate penal laws like hadd and ta’ zir in quran and traditions to halter administrative violators and social corrupters. in this regard, imprisonment in different forms has been considered as one of correctional punishments in narratives texts of shiite and sunnite. this article submits not only ...

the dower is the first financial debt which established incumbent upon the husband after the realization of marriage. the wife has the right to demand the debt from the husband and then obtain its possession. if after the request of the wife, the husband claims to be insolvent and unable to pay the debt, the legal procedure of iranian courts is that the husband is sentenced to imprisonment so t...

From the first day of imprisonment, prisoners are exposed to and expose other prisoners to various communicable diseases, many of which are vaccine-preventable. The risk of acquiring these diseases during the prison sentence exceeds that of the general population. This excess risk may be explained by various causes; some due to the structural and logistical problems of prisons and others to hab...

International law and minimum standards provide certain protection for detainees and prisoners of war (POW) against torture and ill-treatment. Places of detention and parties to conflicts are often monitored to ensure that they adhere to the required standards through, for example, visits to individual detainees and the assessment of facilities. However, monitoring between the point of arrest a...

This paper addresses the problem of rising Black/White disparities in imprisonment and seeks to determine factors predicting which states will have the highest Black imprisonment rates for various offenses. Annual state imprisonment rates for 1983-1999 are calculated from the Correctional Populations of the United States (CPUS) and National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) data. Dependent v...