Neural coding of pheromones has been intensively studied in insects with a particular focus on sex pheromones. These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. However, pheromones play crucial roles in an insect's life beyond sexual attraction, and some species use many different pheromones...

BACKGROUND In the course of evolution butterflies and moths developed two different reproductive behaviors. Whereas butterflies rely on visual stimuli for mate location, moths use the 'female calling plus male seduction' system, in which females release long-range sex pheromones to attract conspecific males. There are few exceptions from this pattern but in all cases known female moths possess ...

introduction: codling moth, cydia pomonella is one of the key pests of apple in khorasan razavi province which annually causes severe fruit damage to apple crop. there are several ways that are used to control and prevent injury to apple products in the world. the most successful and widespread use of pheromones has been in monitoring traps. mating disruption method by pheromones takes place wh...

Lepidopteran sex pheromones are aliphatic compounds with limited functional groups, and are synthesized de novo in the pheromone gland from acetyl-CoA through the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. A neurohormone termed pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) regulates sex pheromone production in a number of lepidopteran species. With the aim of promoting general understanding, we r...