background: macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). this study aimed to examine the immune responses of macrophages to mtb secretory antigens, namely esat-6, cfp-10, and esat-6/cfp-10. methods: thp-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. the cytotoxic...

BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. This disease primarily affects children and is caused by the presence in the digestive tract of a common roundworm of dogs, Toxocara canis, or cats, Toxocara cati. Toxocara is responsible for the presentation of various syndromes in humans depending on the affected organs. METHODS In this study, the ...

Background: Macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to examine the immune responses of macrophages to Mtb secretory antigens, namely ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10.Methods: THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The cytotoxici...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this case report is to describe clinical and angiographic findings of retinal vasculitis in acute Toxocara canis neuroretinitis associated with systemic infection. FINDINGS A 16-year-old male presented with a 1 week history of left eye pain, floaters, and decreased visual acuity. Ocular examination was consistent with neuroretinitis and retinal vasculitis. Fluorescei...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the myelination of neurons present in central nervous system (CNS). The exact etiology MS development unclear, but various environmental and genetic factors might play role initiating disease. Experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model used to study pathophysiology as well effects possible therapeutic agents. In addition...

mopolitan roundworms that infect dogs, especially puppies, and cats. T. canis infection in humans occurs by ingestion of the embryonic eggs, which are shed in the feces of infected dogs. Toxocariasis is manifested in three different syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), and covert toxocariasis (1, 2). VLM is usually a disease of children 1 to 6 year old, and it ma...

Epidemiological and interventional human studies, as well as experiments in animal models, strongly indicate that helminth parasitic infections can confer protection from immune dysregulatory diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity and colitis. Here, we review the immunological pathways that helminths exploit to downregulate immune responses, both against bystander specificities such as allergen...

CASES of endophthalmitis due to invasion of the eye by migrating larvae of Toxocara canis, the common round worm of the dog, have been reported by Irvine and Irvine (1959), Harris (1961), and Duguid (1961a, b), while five of the 46 cases reported by Wilder (1950) as nematode endophthalmitis were later identified by Nichols (1956) as being caused by Toxocara. Ashton (1960) described four cases o...

We performed a serological survey of Toxocara canis infection in junior high school students from three districts in northern Sulawesi. Almost all of the 117 subjects from two rural districts near Manado allowed dogs in their houses, and there was an 84.6% prevalence of T. canis infection in this group. Fifty-three subjects (45.3%) had serum samples with a high titer of specific anti-Toxocara a...