Younger age groups account for proportionally more mortality in influenza pandemics than in seasonal influenza epidemics. Mechanisms that might explain this include young people suffering from an over-reactive immune system ("cytokine storm"), older people benefiting from cross-immunity from a wider variety of previous influenza infections ("antigenic history"), and lifetime immune responses in...

Influenza (or flu) is a huge global problem, one billion people—1/7th of the world’s population get infected with it each year. The virus does not only infect people it also infects many different animals including chickens and pigs and can have devastating effects on farms where these animals are raised. Our body has evolved ways (called the immune response) to kill the influenza virus if we a...

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke compared to uninfected controls. Although traditional risk factors contribute to this increased risk of cardiovascular disease, HIV-specific mechanisms likely also play a role. Systemic inflamma...

Background: Aging is associated with attenuation of immune responses. Studies show that old people are vulnerable to infectious diseases such as influenza. α-Tocopherol as an immunomodulator affects immune responses. In the present study, the effect of α-tocopherol, on lymphocyte responses i.e. interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)  in elde...

Infectious diseases occur when a pathogen overwhelms a host`s immune response, establishes a local niche, replicates and spreads over the whole body. Immunocompromised people are especially in danger to develop severe pathologies. An important factor influencing the immune defence is the diet. In particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are believed to play a key role in modulating immune ...

multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system which is accompanied by demyelinating the neurons. the imbalance between the t cell effectors and t cell regulators is thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. melatonin is a hormone that is secreted by pineal gland which has an important role in circadian rhythm and immune-modulatory effects. melatonin ...

this study evaluated the effects of probiotic, lactobacillus plantarum on serum biochemical and some immune parameters of immunized rainbow trout weighting 29.6±1.84 g, with streptococcosis/lactococosis vaccine at 16±1.5°c, for 60 days. a commercial diet was used as the control. fish in the first treatment were immunized with streptococcosis/lactococosis vaccine in bathing route for 1 min. in t...