The objective of this study was to measure discolouration using a digital camera on various types of clear orthodontic elastic modules, immersion solutions, and time periods to determine whether the cause of discolouration of these modules was due to simple staining, chemical degradation, or both. Three types of clear orthodontic elastomeric modules were investigated [Plastic ligatures (AO); Po...

The widespread use of ZnO nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including therapeutic drug delivery or stimuli-responsive activation, as well as imaging, imposes a careful control over the colloidal stability and long-term behaviour of ZnO in biological media. Moreover, the effect of ZnO nanostructures on living cells, in particular cancer cells, is still under debate. This paper discusses...

BACKGROUND Many strategies are in use with the intention of preventing or minimising delayed onset muscle soreness and fatigue after exercise. Cold-water immersion, in water temperatures of less than 15°C, is currently one of the most popular interventional strategies used after exercise. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of cold-water immersion in the management of muscle soreness after ex...

Immersive virtual environments (VEs) have often been described as a technology looking for an application. Part of the reluctance from industry to make regular use of immersive VEs stems from the fact that there is no empirical evidence suggesting that immersive applications provide any benefit over non-immersive ones. We present a method in this paper that can be used to statistically support ...

BACKGROUND Water-aided methods for colonoscopy are distinguished by the timing of removal of infused water, predominantly during withdrawal (water immersion) or during insertion (water exchange). OBJECTIVE To discuss the impact of these approaches on colonoscopy pain and adenoma detection rate (ADR). DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING Randomized, controlled trial (RCT) that compared water-...

OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of food consumption followed by acidic challenge on enamel erosion. METHODS Seventy-five enamel blocks obtained from bovine teeth were divided randomly into five groups (n=15 per group): GI - erosion with previous immersion in milk; GII - erosion with previous immersion in cheese extract; GIII - erosion with previous immersion in liv...

Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving performance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flow, evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water immersion on mu...

We investigate some relations between a generic immersion of a graph into the 2-space with small number of double points and the embeddings of the graph into the 3-space obtained by lifting the immersion with respect to the natural projection from the 3-space to the 2-space. Specifically we prove: (1) An embedding of a graph obtained from a generic immersion of the graph with at most three doub...

The immersion coefficient accounts for the difference in responsivity for a radiometer placed in the air versus water or another medium. In this study, the immersion coefficients for the radiance collectors on the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) were modeled and measured. The experiment showed that the immersion coefficient for the MOBY radiance collectors agreed with a simple model using only the i...