Autophagosomes sequester cytosolic constituents and deliver this cargo to lysosomes for destruction. Two groups now report that autophagosome maturation requires homotypic membrane fusion catalyzed by SNARE proteins.

L2 (second/foreign language) motivation research in Finland has been scarce. Furthermore, international motivational focused more on ideal and ought-to selves, leaving the current self-concept background. In present study, we attempted to address this gap, exploring what shapes L1 (mother tongue) Finnish students' understanding of themselves as users learners L2s. Using structural equation mode...

Individuals confront the continuing challenge of attending to the competing demands of internal and external stimuli. The emerging I-Self applies three principles of evaluation, categorization, and subsidiation to organize these informational demands. These principles guide the development of the five systems of personality--cognition, affect, motivation, behavior, and psychophysiology. These s...

The accessibility of people's highest hopes and achievements can affect their reactions to upward comparisons. Three studies showed that, under normal circumstances, individuals were inspired by an outstanding role model; their motivation and self-evaluations were enhanced. However, when their most positive self-views were temporarily or chronically activated, inspiration was undermined, and in...

Increased parent school involvement is associated with better academic outcomes; yet, proximal contributors to this effect remain understudied. We focus on one potential proximal contributor, youth’s positive and negative future self-images or ‘‘possible selves,’’ reasoning that if parent school involvement fosters possible selves, then interventions aimed at enhancing youths’ possible selves s...

What is the relationship between avatars and the people they represent in terms of appearance and behavior? In this paper, we hypothesize that people (balancing motives of self-verification and self-enhancement) customize the image of their avatars to bear similarity to their real selves, but with moderate enhancements. We also hypothesize that virtual-world behavior (due to deindividuation in ...

We create our masculine selves by self-reflection in which other people, predominantly our partners, peers, and friends, play a central part. Masculinity has two factors: strength and quality. Strength is determined by a person’s self-reflection: the effectiveness and effort to invest time in his search for cultural resources of masculinity, and his ability to employ conductive resources in his...