Abstract Legal issues of ICOs are significant in the contemporary financial world because this method capital formation is becoming widespread. In spite significance ICOs, there no regulations field most important legal systems. Therefore, research concerning future provisions area needed. This paper concerns related to scope and structure applicable ICOs. The author focuses on principles which...

Employment or Leadership: None declared. Consultant or Advisory Role: F.C. Wu, Organon International, Bayer Schering Pharma, Eli Lilly, Proctor & Gamble, Pierre Fabre Medicaments, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, TAP Pharmaceuticals, Ardana Bioscience, and GlaxoSmithKline. Stock Ownership: None declared. Honoraria: F.C. Wu, Organon International, Bayer Schering Pharma, Lilly ICOS, Ardana Bioscience, an...

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with wheezing illness, and infections can occur repeatedly throughout life. We hypothesized that RSV infection of respiratory tract epithelial cells up-regulates B7 molecules that regulate memory immune responses and that type 1 and 2 cytokines differentially modulate this induction. METHODS We used flow-cytometric analysis to investi...

AskMe!  Web-based e-assessment system  Traditional question types  Including ICOs  Perfectly tailored feedback  Information visualization Moodle  Open source learning platform  Big community  A lot of modules  Including ICOs Avendoo  Learning platform developed by the company Magh & Boppert  Provision of students’ learning activities RemoteLab  University of Technology Ilmenau offer...

Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (AIH-1) is a progressive inflammatory liver disorder in which HLA Class II gene polymorphism prevails as the most important genetic risk. However, other gene polymorphisms have been associated with this disease. The single nucleotide polymorphisms of four candidate genes (CTLA-4 +49A/G, ICOS c.1564 T/C, PD1.3 G/A, PTPN22 1858C/T) were selected in this study. One-hund...

The co-stimulators ICOS (inducible T cell co-stimulator) and CD28 are both important for T follicular helper (TFH) cells, yet their individual contributions are unclear. Here, we show that each molecule plays an exclusive role at different stages of TFH cell development. While CD28 regulated early expression of the master transcription factor Bcl-6, ICOS co-stimulation was essential to maintain...

Although the recently identified ICOS/B7h costimulatory counterreceptors are critical regulators of CD4(+) T cell responses, their ability to regulate CD8(+) responses is unclear. Here we report using a tumor-rejection model that ectopic B7h expression can costimulate rejection by CD8(+) T cells in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. Although responses of naive T cells were significantly augmented b...

Triacylglycerols (TGs) stored in the fat bodies of bumblebee males have a species-specific composition. The striking structural similarities between TG fatty acids (FAs) and components of the male marking pheromone in certain species led to the hypothesis that FAs may serve as precursors in pheromone biosynthesis. Here, we analysed TGs from B. ruderatus, B. bohemicus, and B. campestris. Nonadec...

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is an important biomarker in asthma and other respiratory disorders. The optical performance of a NOCO(2) sensor employing integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) with a quantum cascade laser operating at 5.22 microm capable of real-time NO and CO(2) measurements in a single breath cycle is reported. A NO noise-equivalent concentration of 0.4 ppb within a 1-sec in...

The generation of high-affinity antibodies and the development of B cell memory are dependent on the help provided by CD4 T cells. Mouse studies indicate that STAT3 signaling in CD4 T cells promotes the acquisition of the B cell help function. However, the role of STAT3 in humans has been controversial. In this study, we show that IL-6 and other STAT3 activating cytokines (IL-21 and IL-27) indu...