The observed changes in physical properties of sea ice such as decreased thickness and increased melt pond cover severely impact the energy budget of Arctic sea ice. Increased light transmission leads to increased deposition of solar energy in the upper ocean and thus plays a crucial role for amount and timing of sea-ice-melt and under-ice primary production. Recent developments in underwater t...

Evaluating the significance of Holocene submillennial delta18O variability in the Greenland ice cores is crucial for understanding how natural climate oscillations may modulate future anthropogenic warming. A high-resolution oxygen isotope record from a speleothem in southwestern Ireland provides evidence for centennial-scale delta18O variations that correlate with subtle delta18O changes in th...

Background: Despite the popularity of ice cream, its high content of sugar and fat is worrisome. Substituting sugar with natural and useful resources is one possible solution. Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) are rich in carbohydrates and are a good source of energy; they also have a large amount of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin. Aims: The aim of this ...

We investigate the sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation (THC) with respect to a subpolar salinity perturbation. Such perturbation simulates a fresh water release caused by retreating glaciers or anomalous sea ice. The feedback mechanisms amplifying or damping the initial anomaly are analyzed in the coupled ocean-atmospheresea ice model. Their understanding is essential for modelling clim...

Freshening of high latitude surface waters can change the large-scale oceanic transport of heat and salt. Consequently, atmospheric and sea ice perturbations over the deep water production sites excite a large-scale response establishing an oceanic ‘‘teleconnection’’ with time scales of years to centuries. To study these feedbacks, a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model consisting of a two di...

We describe a new breeding behaviour discovered in emperor penguins; utilizing satellite and aerial-survey observations four emperor penguin breeding colonies have been recorded as existing on ice-shelves. Emperors have previously been considered as a sea-ice obligate species, with 44 of the 46 colonies located on sea-ice (the other two small colonies are on land). Of the colonies found on ice-...

a r t i c l e i n f o Amazonian non-polar ice deposits on Mars record periods and events when the climate differed substantially from that of today. Particularly evident are examples of ice-rich deposits in the martian mid-latitudes (lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, and concentric crater fill). Uncertain, however, is the amount of ice remaining in these deposits today, and the thickn...

Balance flux and velocity calculations are important in understanding the large-scale dynamics of ice masses and their state of balance. However the grid-based (finite difference) nature of the current algorithms means that there is a variety of ways in which the balance flux and velocity can be calculated. The flux-routing algorithm, grid orientation and grid size all have an impact on the bal...

We determined the dynamic tensile of fracturing and fragmentation properties of icy strength of ice and ice silicate mixtures at substances. Our goal in previous studies has been strain rates of •104 s -1. At these strain rates, to establish some data and scaling laws related to ice has a tensile strength of ~17 MPa, and impact crater formation and fragmentation of ice ice-silicate mixtures wit...

Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) are facing a range of threats that might impact their future population status (see section Threats below). The IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group (PBSG) regards loss of sea-ice habitat due to climate warming as the most serious threat to future Polar Bear survival. We therefore based our Red List assessment on this threat factor only, recognizing that sea-ice condit...