Honey bee venom is a complex mixture of toxic proteins and peptides. In the present study we tried to extend our knowledge of the venom composition using two different approaches. First, worker venom was analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and this revealed the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin for the first time in such samples. Its expression in the venom gland was confirmed by ...

Pollinators, including honey bees, routinely encounter potentially harmful microorganisms and phytochemicals during foraging. However, the mechanisms by which honey bees manage these potential threats are poorly understood. In this study, we examine the expression of antimicrobial, immune and detoxification genes in Apis mellifera and compare between forager and nurse bees using tissue-specific...

objectives: royal jelly (rj), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of rj. major royal jelly proteins (mrjps) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment results in our hypopharyngeal cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of three hundred and ninety five hypopharyngeal cancer patients received radical treatment at our hospital; 96% were male. The majority were habitual smokers (88%), alcohol drinkers (73%) and/or betel quid chewers (51%). All patients received a CT scan or MRI for...

Introduction: Liposarcomas are considered the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in adults. They represent approximately 20% of all mesenchymal malignancies and most frequently involve the retroperitoneum, trunk and extremities. Hypopharyngeal localisation of a liposarcoma is extremely rare. To determine the prevalence of liposarcomas of the hypopharynx, we conducted a systematic review of...

Objectives: Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. Important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of RJ. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

Dear Editor, Patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma often present with locally advanced disease. Treatment options are usually multimodality and involve surgery, radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. Definitive RT with or without chemotherapy present a functional organ preservation strategy in selected patients or in patients with extensive inoperable local disease. Whereas upfront surgery follow...