one of the aims of politics is the prevention of violence and establishment of peace. in the twentieth century, political thinkers and scholars in diplomacy and international law have devised various techniques to achieve this aim. however, such an attempt has not been limited to the modern era, and classic thinkers both in the east and the west have also thought about such techniques. ibn-i fa...

background: in some verses in holy quran; 233 surat al-baghare , 15 al-ahghaf , 14 loghman and 6 al-talagh, breastfeeding, gravidity, and parity recommended to the parents and expected their children to be accountable to the parents; particularly to mothers due to tolerate of pregnancy and breastfeeding duration. methods: the case-control study included 376 patients diagnosed between      2001-...

musa¦ ibn `oqba is one of the biographers who, along with ibn isha¦q, has a significant contribution to the recording of the prophet's life style (sira) and the early battles led by him. however, his book of the accounts of the prophet's early battles (maqa¦zi) was badly damaged with the passage of time and the reasons have not been so clear uptonow. due to its antiquity, the book was...

This paper introduces the concept of rational countefactuals which is an idea of identifying a counterfactual from the factual (whether perceived or real) that maximizes the attainment of the desired consequent. In counterfactual thinking if we have a factual statement like: ‘Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and consequently George Bush declared war on Iraq‘ then its counterfactuals is: ‘If Saddam...

viewpoint ofimamiehilm al-kalam on wickedness hussein emadzadeh1,dr. mahdi farmanian21- ph.d. student ofimamiehilm al-kalam, tehran university (farabi campus), instructor at islamic azad university of gachsaran, corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] assistant professor, university of religions and denominationsabstractscholars before khawja that were living at a time when ilm a...

This brief account of the Tunisian physician Ibn Al Jazzar heralds the Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine to be held in his native country in September 1998. His life work reveals him as a pioneer in distinguishing the art of medicine and pharmacy.