Chiral pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines with spirooxindole ring systems are the central skeletons for numerous alkaloids and pharmacologically important compounds. Gelesmine, pseudotabersonine, formosanine, isoformosanine, morroniside and mitraphylline are some of the alkaloids containing spirooxindole ring systems. Derivatives of spirooxindole find very wide biological applications as anti micr...

BACKGROUND Previous research has revealed that the ratios of the lengths of various pairs of human fingers differ in males and females. METHOD In an attempt to determine whether parallel sex differences also exist in the relative lengths of human metacarpals and metatarsals, the lengths of the metapodials for both hands and both feet were measured in a collection of human skeletons. For each ...

Anthropogenic ocean acidification threatens to negatively impact marine organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate skeletons. Past geological events, such as the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction, together with modern experiments generally support these concerns. However, the physiological costs of producing a calcium carbonate skeleton under different acidification scenarios remain poorly und...

The article addresses an issue in nineteenth-century archeology: the transformation of ancient American ruins into scientific evidence. It focuses specifically on the case of Palenque, a city discovered in the jungle in the late eighteenth century. The archeological exploration of this find, which occurred shortly after Central American and Mexican independence, entailed efforts to make these r...

We introduce the TEASAR algorithm which is a Treestructure Extraction Algorithm delivering Skeletons that are Accurate and Robust. Volumetric skeletons are needed for accurate measurements of length along branching and winding structures. Skeletons are also required in automatic virtual navigation, such as traveling through human organs (e.g., the colon) to control movement and orientation of t...

In October 1981, the Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado, requested assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in evaluating occupational exposures to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) because of concern about possible health hazards (1). Workers potentially exposed to DDT included curators, preparators, and museum assistants involved i...

Yuanmingyuan was called “Garden of All Gardens” before it was looted and burnt down by the Anglo-French allied forces in 1860. Nowadays there are only stone ruins that used to be parts of ancient buildings. The Digital Yuanmingyuan project is designed to provide visitors with the visualization of virtual reconstructions superimposed upon the natural field of the ruins using a personal AR (Augme...