we are concerned: the number of road traffic fatalities is rising since 2014 again, in germany, in the european ::union::, in the usa, after a continuous decline over the last 40 years. many reasons are discussed:  human behaviour, e.g. texting while driving; no respect for traffic rules; daily life competition, who will be the fastest; more traffic, more vehicles, more kilometres driven. the i...

results the current study evaluated the zoonotic parasites, and their similarities and differences; it also expressed probable risk of transmission of some zoonotic parasites from dogs to man and vice versa, how to interact with dogs, the important role of this animal in the infection and prevention of zoonotic diseases, and how to cope with dogs in islam considering islamic narratives and trad...

background: improving the performance of hiv diagnosis assays is one of the most important ways to reduce hiv transmission. because of the high mutation rate of hiv, it is critical to use the conserved proteins to develop diagnostic immunoassay methods. because integrase is one of the most conserved proteins of hiv, it may be a good target for this purpose. in this paper cloning, purification a...

dirofilariasis is caused by a filariid parasite of the genus dirofilaria. this zoonotic infection is spread by mosquito vector from animal to human. ocular dirofilariasis involving the eye and adnexa is rare. a nodule in the right eye had developed in a 20-year-old soldier from mazandaran province, north of iran. the mass was removed surgically and measured 5x5 mm. the specimen was identified o...

background and objectives: human bocavirus (hbov) is a newly discovered parvovirus. it has been detected primarily in children with acute respiratory tract infections. this study was conducted to clarify the frequency and genotype circulation pattern of hbov in iran. materials and methods: conventional pcr was performed on throat swabs of patients less than two years of age with respiratory ill...

background and objectives : human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is a major risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the cervix. the high-risk types of the virus such as hpv16 and hpv18, which possess the e6 and e7 oncogenes, are responsible for approximately 50% of all cervical cancers. a rapid, sensitive and specific test has been proposed for detection of hpv to improve cervical cancer screening pr...

background: visceral leishmaniasis (vl) as one of the most important human parasitic disease is endemic in some parts of iran. several cases of vl have been reported recently in the ilam province. the current study aimed to assess the pre-sent status of human vl in the region. methods: a random cluster sampling method was used to collect 456 serums samples from the children up to 12 years of ag...

background: the aim of this study was to conduct a sero-epidemiological survey in meshkinshahr, ardabil province, northwestern iran to detect the rate of hydatidosis in the city and nearby villages. literature shows that no such study has been conducted so far. methods: overall, 670 serum samples were collected from 194 males and 476 females from patients referred to different health centers of...

introduction: cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) has been proved in its etiology. the currentley available l1-capsid-protein-based vaccine is highly immunogenic and very high titers of serum antibodies can be obtained by its injection, but unfortunately it is restricted to only a few hpv genotypes and is relatively expe...