T his study examines the effect of oil fluctuation export earnings on government income and expenditure in Nigeria using a time series data from 1986 to 2015. The study utilized co-integration techniques and ordinary least square as the methods of analyses. The co-integration tests indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between oil...

BACKGROUND Setting Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals for health has largely focused on defining specific targets of mortality and morbidity reduction over given time periods. Yet, less attention has been devoted to setting targets for the systemic determinants of health delivery, such as access and financial risk protection (FRP)-prevention of medical impoverishment...

AIMS Dental services differ from other health services in several dimensions. One important difference is that a substantial share of costs of dental services-especially costs beyond routine dental treatment-is paid directly by the patient out-of-pocket. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This study analyses the socio-economic determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure for dental services (OOPE) in Austria a...

Analysing survey data from 32 selected cities across China in 2003, this paper examines parents’ expenditure on their children’s education from two aspects: factors affecting domestic education expenditure and factors affecting expenditure on overseas education. The main findings that emerge from this study are as follows. First, household income has significant effects on the magnitude of the ...

BACKGROUND The main goal of this study is to examine the associations between illness conditions and out-of-pocket medical expenditure with other types of household consumptions. In November and December of 2011, a survey was conducted in three cities in western China, namely Lan Zhou, Gui Lin and Xi An, and their surrounding rural areas. RESULTS Information on demographics, income and consum...

Recent studies on food stamp participant households’ marginal propensity to spend out of food stamps versus income have had contradictory results: experimental studies have found household behavior aligns with standard economic theory where households’ marginal propensity to spend on food out of food stamps is equivalent to cash income; observational studies find that households have a larger m...

Theoretically, measures of household wealth can be reflected by income, consumption or expenditure information. However, the collection of accurate income and consumption data requires extensive resources for household surveys. Given the increasingly routine application of principal components analysis (PCA) using asset data in creating socio-economic status (SES) indices, we review how PCA-bas...

Using data from the 60(th) round of the National Sample Survey of India (2004), the study investigates the incidence and correlates of 'catastrophic' maternal expenditure (ME) in India. Data on ME come from 6879 births that took place during 365 days prior to the survey. The study adapts earlier definitions and methods for catastrophic total health care expenditure to measure 'catastrophic' ME ...

the aim of this study was to examine the economic position of stadiums and professional sport teams on index of income of those people in related jobs. this study was application in terms of the goal and the method was description-library-analysis. statistical population consisted of all employees in related jobs in 8 big cities in iran that had a football team in premier league in 2010-2012. s...

BACKGROUND Dental care is extremely costly and beyond most people means in developing countries. The primary aim of this study was to determine the impact of out-of-pocket payments for dental care on household finances in 40 low and middle income countries. A second aim was to compare the burden of payments for dental care with that for other health services. METHODS We used data from 174,257...