Credit and debit cards have become a prominent form of payment throughout the world. The interchange fees associated with these payment instruments have, in some instances, seen considerable change in recent years. In some countries, interchange fees have experienced sharp movements following a period of relative stability. In other countries, they have remained relatively steady, but significa...

JB reports personal fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Insulet Corporation, Integrity Applications, Lilly, NovoNordisk, and Sanofi. RA and PG-D declare no competing interests. JK is on the advisory board for Abbott Diabetes Care, and reports personal fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Berlin Chemie, Medtronic, Sanofi, MSD, and AstraZeneca. RW reports personal fees fr...

This article considers the impact that the use of impact development fees has on the level of capital investment made by local governments in the United States. Using a sample of 85 cities, we find that the use of fees is associated with lower levels of capital spending. The data also reveal that the debt-to-expenditure ratio for these cities is associated with higher levels of capital spending...

Competition among stock exchanges has increased dramatically over the last decade. To attract trading volume, most exchanges introduced makertaker fees, an incentive scheme that rewards liquidity suppliers and charges liquidity demanders. Using a change in fees on the Toronto Stock Exchange, we analyze how the breakdown of trading fees between liquidity demanders and suppliers affects market ou...

Medicaid reimburses physicians at a lower rate and fewer physicians participate in Medicaid when compared to other insurance types. To encourage provider participation in Medicaid, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) increased Medicaid fees to Medicare levels for primary care providers in 2013 and 2014. As expected, the bump in fees resulted in an increase in primary care appointment availability for...

The Bitcoin protocol supports optional direct payments from transaction partners to miners. These “fees” are supposed to substitute miners’ minting rewards in the long run. Acknowledging their role for the stability of the system, the right level of transaction fees is a hot topic of normative debates. This paper contributes empirical evidence from a historical analysis of agents’ revealed beha...

A properly performed fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES(®)) is comprehensive and time-consuming. Editing times of FEES protocols and attempts for efficiency maximization are unknown. Here, the protocol editing times of completed FEES examinations were determined. The present study reports the time savings and quality gains of a newly developed documentation system tailored to ...