conclusions the high prevalence of hcv infection among this group implies a high rate of transmission and exposure to the risk of serious diseases. it is important that the high prevalence of hcv infection be taken into consideration to control further transmission of this infection. background hepatitis c is an infectious disease caused by blood-borne pathogen, hepatitis c virus (hcv). objecti...

HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses mediated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition and antiretroviral drugs exert selection pressure on HIV-1 in vivo. The selection of CTL escape mutations strongly underpins the failure of CTL control in most untreated infections whilst drug-resistance mutations predict failure of drug control. These two evolutionary forces share common t...

Indonesia is facing one of the most rapidly growing HIV-epidemics in Asia. Risk behaviour associated with injecting drug use, such as sharing contaminated needles, is the main risk factor for HIV infection. Among the general population the prevalence of HIV-infection is still low (0.2%), but up to 50% or more of the estimated 145.000 - 170.000 injecting drug users are already HIV-positive. Over...

BACKGROUND Little is known about drug use patterns among people living with HIV in comparison to an uninfected group in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between legal and illegal drug use and HIV infection in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. METHODS Public use data files (2005-2014) from the National Survey on D...

BACKGROUND The progress of antiretroviral treatment roll-out programs in developing countries requires extensive monitoring of primary drug resistance prior to initiation of therapy. This is particularly relevant for Cameroon where a high HIV diversity has been reported. OBJECTIVES To determine HIV diversity in Yaoundé, Cameroon, in a cohort of HIV-infected subjects with advanced disease. To ...

This study characterized the extent and patterns of self-reported drug use among aging adults with and without HIV, assessed differences in patterns by HIV status, and examined pattern correlates. Data derived from 6351 HIV-infected and uninfected adults enrolled in an eight-site matched cohort, the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS). Using clinical variables from electronic medical records and...

Background Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide, which will significantly compromise the effectiveness of HIV treatments. However, in Nanjing, China, there still a dearth research on prevalence and transmission TDR among ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals. This study aimed to understand Nanjing. Methods A total 1,393 participants who were newly diag...

BACKGROUND Proper knowledge of HIV transmission is not enough for people to adopt protective behaviors, but deficits in this information may increase HIV/AIDS vulnerability. OBJECTIVE To assess drug users' knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the possible association between knowledge and HIV testing. METHODS A Cross-sectional study conducted in 2006/7 with a convenience sample of 295 illicit drug use...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 and the susceptibility and repellency of drug use combined with HIV infection in Chinese. METHODS A total of 213 unrelated healthy people, 41 HIV-infected drug users, 24 HIV-uninfected drug users, and 64 HIV-infected non-drug users were recruited. Their HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies were ana...