Wars and conflicts have constituted major events throughout history. Despite their importance, the general public typically learns about such events only indirectly, through the lens of news media, which necessarily select and distort events before relaying them to readers. Quantifying these processes is important, as they are fundamental to how we see the world, but the task is difficult, as i...

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Many optimization models exist for water management systems but there is a knowledge gap in linking bio-economic objectives with the optimum use of all water resources under conflicting demands. The efficient operation and management of a network of nodes comprising storages, canals, river reaches and irrigation districts under environmental flow constraints is very challenging. Minimization of...

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over seven decades ago, as the result of endeavors of a group of leading literary and scientific figures the farhangestan-e-awwal (first academy of iran) was established in may 1935 and its activity continued until 1953. presented here is a brief historical account of the establishment of the first academy of iran as well as a look at the biographical sketches of physicians at the academy.