With the increasing number of documents that are available in digital form, also the number of digital historical documents is increasing (Berkvens, 2001). It cannot be assumed that standard IR systems perform well on historical documents: historical texts differ from modern texts in three ways (Hüning, 1996; Van Der Horst and Marschall, 1989): (a) vocabularies have changed, (b) spelling has ch...

In this paper, the gain spectrum of EDFA has been broadened by implementing HTE configuration for S and C band. On using this configuration an amplification bandwidth of 76nm ranging from 1479nm to 1555nm with a peak gain of 26dB has been obtained. Keywords—C band, DWDM system, EDFA, Gain, HTE, Hybrid Fiber Amplifier, S band.

Historical documents play a vital role in understanding our past and hence need to be preserved. Over the period, these documents tend to possess many variations like stains, strain, ink seepage, dust etc. Image enhancement techniques can be utilized to improve the quality of these images by removing noise and increasing contrast range. The proposed method mainly deals with enhancing the histor...

1. introduction tarikh-e baihaqi has been most often read as a seminal work of literature; by virtue of this fact, a great deal of its merits has been eclipsed. in this very research, the extent of demonstrating the prominence of war and military related issues will go under a close scrutiny. the prime assertion of this research states that tarikhe-e beihaqi presents a panoramic view of war and...

Many thresholding-based image enhancement techniques have been developed and used for document analysis, where the simplicity and efficiency of thresholding makes it ideal to use for classifying layers within documents. However, the efficiency of these enhancement techniques can be impaired by the variation of grey levels in different documents, thus causing over-thresholding or under-threshold...

The main defects present in historical documents are darkness, non-uniform clarification, bleed-through and faded characters. To remove these defects binarization method is used. In this paper a phase based binarization method is studied in which phase of ancient document images is preserved. This method is derived in to three steps: preprocessing, main binarization and post processing. In prep...

The 100,000th scientific article on the subject of spermatozoa was recently published. Many studies have evaluated the characteristics of this important cell leading to great discoveries. Since its first observation and description in 1677, many important characteristics have been described regarding this highly fascinating gamete. In this review, our objective has been to provide a historical ...