Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable, rapid, and reproducible technique for measuring and evaluating changes in gene expression. To facilitate gene expression studies and obtain more accurate RT-qPCR data, normalization relative to stable reference genes is required. In this study, expression profiles of seven candidate reference genes, including ...

Demographic toxicology is recommended for toxicity determination of the long term effects of a pesticide since it gives a more accurate and efficient measure of the effect of a pesticide. Thus, in the current study the sublethal effects of pirimicarb (carbamate insecticide) two concentrations of LC30 and LC10 were used against third instar larvae of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) in order to dete...

in this study, the possible effects of host plant resistance on some demographic parameters and predation rate of hippodamia variegata goeze life stages have been investigated. demographic data and predation rate have been analyzed by the age-stage two-sex life table and consumption rate program. obtained results showed that preadult diuration and total preoviposition period (tpop) of ladybirds...