Background—Impairment of ventilatory efficiency in congestive heart failure (CHF) correlates well with symptomatology and contributes importantly to dyspnea. Methods and Results—We investigated 142 CHF patients (mean NYHA class, 2.6; mean maximum oxygen consumption [V̇O2max], 15.3 mL O2 z kg 21 z min; mean left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 27%). Patients were compared with 101 healthy c...

Poor dyspnea perception might be a risk factor for developing asthma exacerbations. We investigated whether severe asthmatics with recurrent exacerbations (brittle asthma) have different dyspnea perception and sputum cells compared with equally severe, but stable asthmatics, or patients with mild steroid-naive asthma. Fifteen brittle asthmatics (13 female, median age 28 yr [range, 20 to 47 yr])...

[1] A series of 10 advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRRs) flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s polar-orbiting satellites for over 20 years has provided data suitable for many quantitative remote sensing applications. To be useful for geophysical research, each radiometer must be accurately calibrated, which poses problems in the AVHRR reflectance channel...

A simple theory is presented for a nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) over a planar slope. The theory extends the classical inviscid inertialoscillation model of LLJs to include upand downslope motion in the boundary layer within a stably stratified environment. The particular scenario considered is typical of LLJs over the Great Plains of the United States: southerly geostrophic wind over terrain t...

This paper deals with the externalities associated with the individual developing country’s cost of credit and borrowing level. As long as the supply curve of credit is positively sloped, the interest rate charged on credit extended to a particular developing country is affected by the aggregate borrowing level of the rest of the countries. Moreover, the relatively high level of indebtedness of...

Ground control point (GCP) is important for georeferencing remotely sensed images and topographic model. However, considering that GCP collection is sometimes a difficult, time-consuming and expensive task with high resolution (HR) data in remote and harsh environments, today unmanned aerial vehicle based remote sensing (UAVRS) is frequently used in geological disaster emergency monitoring and ...

This paper illustrates how multiple scattering signatures affect Global Precipitation Measuring (GPM) Mission Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Ku and Ka band reflectivity measurements and how they are consistent with prelaunch assessments based on theoretical considerations and confirmed by airborne observations. In particular, in the presence of deep convection, certain characteristics...