Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on AP...

BACKGROUND In high-income countries, administration of antenatal steroids is standard care for women with anticipated preterm labour. However, although >1 million deaths due to preterm birth occur annually, antenatal steroids are not routine practice in low-income countries where most of these deaths occur. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence for and estimate the effect on cause-specific neonat...

We examine the effects of technology on productivity growth by disaggregating total output into sectoral components, exploring the roles of investment and technology on productivity growth for countries in different income groups. We find that for low-income countries, investment is the most important determinant of productivity growth. While investment plays an important role in determining pr...

BACKGROUND Studies from high income countries (HIC) have generally shown higher osteoporotic fracture rates in urban areas than rural areas. Low bone mineral density (BMD) increases susceptibility to fractures. This review aimed to assess whether urbanicity is consistently associated with lower BMD globally. METHOD Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health (-April 2013) were searched for articl...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the evidence for prenatal corticosteroid use in low- and middle-income countries and to make recommendations regarding implementation and further research. METHODS Studies and meta-analyses on prenatal corticosteroids relevant to low- and middle-income countries were identified and reviewed at the Maternal and Child Health Integrated Project (MCHIP) Antenatal Corticoster...

BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, the promotion of collaborative partnerships involving researchers from low and middle income countries with those from high income countries has been a major development in global health research. Ideally, these partnerships would lead to more equitable collaboration including the sharing of research responsibilities and rewards. While collaborative partner...

Raana Zakeri, Shirin Nosratnejad. MSc of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Iranian Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian Center of Excellence for Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; PHD in Health Economic, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Services Management, Department of Health Services Management, School ...