Avian influenza viruses of the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype present a significant public health threat, as evidenced by the ongoing outbreak of human A(H7N9) infections in China. When evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays, H7 viruses and vaccines are found to induce lower level of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) than do their seasonal counterparts, mak...

The use of serologic assays for influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance in wild birds has increased because of the availability of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Recently, an H5-specific blocking ELISA (bELISA) was shown to reliably detect H5-specific antibodies to low- and high-pathogenic H5 viruses in experimentally infected waterfowl. Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) were frequ...

BACKGROUND 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) was first detected in the United States in April 2009 and resulted in a global pandemic. We conducted a serologic survey to estimate the cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 through the end of 2009 when pandemic activity had waned in the United States. METHODS We conducted a pair of cross sectional serologic surveys before and after the...

The pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is looked for in the serological records of DHF patients (mainly children between the ages of one month and 16 years) at Siriraj Hospital in Thailand over a six-year period beginning 1998 (covering two three-year cycles). Based on the primary and secondary infections by both the haemagglutination-inhibition assay (HI) test and the IgM capture ...

BACKGROUND Tonsils play a key role in eliciting immune responses against respiratory pathogens. Little is known about how tonsils contribute to the local immune response after intranasal vaccination. Here, we uniquely report the mucosal humoral responses in tonsils and saliva after intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) vaccination in children. METHODS Blood, saliva, and tonsils ...

Abstract Fowl adenovirus infections have a significant economic impact, especially in the production of broilers. It is considered leading cause three syndromes: adenoviral gizzard erosions and ulcerations, inclusion body hepatitis, hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. A critical feature this virus its immunosuppressive effect, via suppressing humoral cellular immunity. In study, we examined im...