This paper presents a modeling scheme for objects containing multiple materials or functionally graded materials (FGM), i.e. heterogeneous objects. The material composition variations under this modeling scheme are controlled by some reference features termed as “grading sources”. The “grading source” gathers the type of grading, position of grading and a material grading function for controlli...

introduction: lead is one of the heavy metals that have adverse effects on blood cellsand hemopoiesis. in this study the ultrastructure of neutrophils in fetal rat spleen wereinvestigated following lead intoxication. material and methods: thirty female and 6 male sprague-dawley rats were chosenby simple random sampling. after mating the pregnant rats were classified into test and controlgroups....

– Taking into account stress fluctuations due to thermal noise, we study thermally activated irreversible crack growth in disordered media. The influence of material disorder on sub-critical growth of a single crack in two-dimensional brittle elastic material is described through the introduction of a rupture threshold distribution. We derive analytical predictions for crack growth velocity and...

Heterogeneous structures represent an important new frontier for 21st century engineering. Human tissues, composites, ‘smart’ and multimaterial objects are all physically manifest in the world as three-dimensional (3D) objects with varying surface, internal and volumetric properties and geometries. For instance, a tissue engineered structure, such as bone scaffold for guided tissue regeneration...