In this paper we study a behavioral model of conflict that provides a basis for choosing certain indices of dispersion as indicators for conflict. We show that a suitable monotone transform of the equilibrium level of conflict can be proxied by a linear function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due to Esteban and R...

AIM To characterize the patterns of competition for a sample of drugs in the Portuguese pharmaceutical market before (January 2002-March 2003) and after (April 2003-June 2003) the introduction of the reference pricing system (RPS). METHODS We performed a descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal analysis, with monthly observations from January 2002 until June 2003 of 15 homogeneous groups. The...

Prisms are one of the oldest tools ophthal­ mologists use to examine misaligned eyes. The prism bends light rays but does not focus them and lets the doctor measure, in mil­ limeters, the deviation between two eyes. In trying to get a read on how regulators will examine the alignment of the Anthem–Cigna and Aetna–Humana mega­mergers, antitrust attorney Matthew Cantor found his prism in, of all ...

Purpose While existing research explores the impact of audit market competition on fees and quality, there is limited investigation into how in influences auditors' writing style. This study examines relationship between readability reports Iran, where particularly intense, especially among private firms. Design/methodology/approach The sample comprises 1,050 firm-year observations Iran from 20...

the shape of urban development and its impact on economic growth is one of the most important issues in urban economic literature. in accordance to the corresponding theory, economic growth and urban concentration have an inverse-u shape relation. the shape of urban development is related to how resources are spread out in existing cities of an urban system and investigated under the term of ur...

Can more vigorous political competition significantly raise rural land values, or contribute to more robust land rental markets? Exploiting exogenous variation in the national popularity of Pakistan’s political parties during the 2008 elections, we show that provincial assembly constituencies with greater competition between political parties had significantly higher land values and more active...

OBJECTIVE This paper analyzes whether the rise in managed care during the 1990s caused the increase in hospital concentration. DATA SOURCES We assemble data from the American Hospital Association, InterStudy and government censuses from 1990 to 2000. STUDY DESIGN We employ linear regression analyses on long differenced data to estimate the impact of managed care penetration on hospital cons...

In 2018, the Central Bureau of Statistics noted that pharmaceutical industry grew 7.36 percent and slowed by 5.59 during Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Fluctuations growth sector before encouraged increased competition concentration. This study examines concentration businesses listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange from first quarter 2018 to third The method used this is a quantitative approach with r...

Antimony is a type of critical metal for the energy transition. The antimony industry chain distributed among major developed and developing countries around world. With development clean technology, demand in photovoltaic storage fields will increase significantly. Considering significant changes global products serious supply shortage, people should pay more attention to risk related chain. I...