5 Previous investigations on the military relevant metal, tungsten (W), have paved the way for further 6 exploration of its relevant environmental and biological pathways. This investigation presents the most 7 robust known trophic transfer study of W between plant and animal models. Steady state of W in 8 cabbage (Brassica oleracae) was reached at 114-days with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF) o...

Background: Histological studies in organs like hepatopancreas and gill of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, were made to assess tissue damage due to sub-lethal concentration of cadmium after a long exposure period. Methods: This study was conducted in University of Tehran, in 2013. The fish were divided into two groups in 1000 litre fiberglass tanks supplied with dechlorinated water [hard...

A multi-method approach was employed to compare the responses of Glutatione Transferases (GSTs) in the gills and hepatopancreas of Venerupis philippinarum to microcystins (MCs) toxicity. In this way, using the cytosolic fraction, the enzymatic activity of GSTs, superoxide dismutase (SOD), serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPP2) along with the gene expression levels of four GST isoforms (pi...

Accumulation of cadmium in the hepatopancreas of the common prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) and ultrastructural changes m hepatopancreatic cells were examined after exposure to 3 cadmium concentrations (5, 25.50 ppm) for 44 h. Accumulation of cadmium Ions in 50 ppm solution was 800 % higher compared with control specimens. Absorptive and fibrillar cells (Rand F-cells) in the hepatopancreas we...

To maintain their speeds during navigation, insects rely on feedback from their visual and mechanosensory modalities. Although optic flow plays an essential role in speed determination, it is less reliable under conditions of low light or sparse landmarks. Under such conditions, insects rely on feedback from antennal mechanosensors but it is not clear how these inputs combine to elicit flight-r...

Pathophysiological studies of rhizocephalan infections are rare. We describe differences in the levels of tissue and hemolymph metabolites between Polyascus plana-parasitized and unparasitized individuals of Metopograpsus thukuhar. Crabs were assigned to either a parasitized (carrying at least 1 externa, i.e. a protruding reproductive body) or an unparasitized (not carrying externae and determi...

The effect of the number of spawnings on several biochemical components of ovary, hepatopancreas, and haemolymph was investigated. Shrimps of two origins were compared; wild-caught and pond-reared spawners. Individually tagged females were sampled at the end of a production period in a commercial hatchery. Females with multiple spawnings had a higher Ž . gonadosomatic index GSI , increased leve...

The osmoregulatory and respiratory responses of male and female Smeringurus mesaensis (Vaejovidae) to prolonged desiccation were measured. No significant effect of sex on mass-loss rates (MLRs) was found. Still, females maintained their haemolymph osmolality when desiccated to 10% mass loss, whereas that of males increased significantly after loss of as little as 5% of initial mass. Females had...

The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür), a polyphagous pest, is dependent on olfactory cues to locate various host plant species and mates. In this study, we traced the projection pathway of the antennal sensory neurons and visualized their projection patterns in the central nervous system of A. lucorum through confocal microscopy and digital reconstructions. We also examined the glomerular ...