Introduction Forest ecologists use the frequency distribution of d.b.h. (diameter at breast height, 1.35 m above ground) of the stems of woody species to describe age/size structures and draw inferences about regeneration strategies, synchrony of climatic events, mortality patterns and the effects of animal browsing (e.g. recent New Zealand studies by Allen, Payton and Knowlton, 1984; Mark, 196...

A series of atrium model tests were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the smoke exhaust system in an atrium. The dimensions of the test compartment were 9 m × 6 m × 5.5 m height. The heat release rate ranged from 15 kW to 600 kW. The measured exhaust rate ranged from 1.94 to 5.13 kg/s. In this study, the experimental interface height between the smoke and cold layer is defined as th...

In this study, the potential of using very high resolution Pléiades imagery to estimate a number of common forest attributes for 10-m plots in boreal forest was examined, when a high-resolution terrain model was available. The explanatory variables were derived from three processing alternatives. Height metrics were extracted from image matching of the images acquired from different incidence a...

Images acquired with a commercially available digital camera were used to make measurements on 20 red oak (Quercus spp.) stems. The ranges of diameter at breast height (DBH) and height to a 10 cm upper-stem diameter were 16–66 cm and 12–20 m, respectively. Camera stations located 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 m from the stem were studied to determine the best distance to be used with the maximum wide ang...

In this study, airflow modeling and particle tracking methodologies were used to consider the effect of geometry changes—in particular, ceiling height variations—in an operating room (OR). The ceiling height of the OR was varied from 9 ft (2.74 m) to 12 ft (3.66 m) in 1 ft (0.30 m) increments, and a range of different air change rates were considered at each height—between 20 and 30 air changes...

Currently, little information is available to estimate individual tree attributes for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), an important tree species of the southeastern United States. The majority of available models are local, relying on stem diameter outside bark at breast height (dbh, cm) and not including stand-level parameters. We developed a set of individual tree equations to predict t...

The littoral zone ecosystem of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has become significantly degraded by annual cycles of prolonged winter flooding and summer drought. For purposes of flood control and sediment management, the water level in the reservoir is lowered by 30 m during the summer monsoon season and raised again to 175 m above sea level each year at the end of the monsoon period. To expl...

OBJECTIVE This research examines whether Beijing residents are more or less likely than Montréal residents to avoid stair climbing, by replicating a study in Montréal, Canada that measured the impacts of distance between stairs and escalator, height between floors and pedestrian volume on stair climbing rate. METHOD 15 stairways, 14 up-escalators and 13 down-escalators were selected in 13 pub...

Meso-scale digital terrain models (DTMs) and canopy-height estimates, or digital canopy models (DCMs), are two lidar products that have immense potential for research in tropical rain forest (TRF) ecology and management. In this study, we used a small-footprint lidar sensor (airborne laser scanner, ALS) to estimate sub-canopy elevation and canopy height in an evergreen tropical rain forest. A f...