A new model for cooling flows in X-ray clusters, capable of naturally explaining salient features observed, is proposed. The only requirement is that a significant relativistic component, in the form of cosmic rays (CR), be present in the intra-cluster medium and significantly frozen to the thermal gas. Such an addition qualitatively alters the conventional isobaric thermal instability criterio...

Loss processes that remove particles from an atom trap leave holes behind in the single particle distribution if the trapped gas is a degenerate fermion system. The appearance of holes increases the temperature and we show that the heating (i) is significant if the initial temperature is well below the Fermi temperature T(F), and (ii) increases the temperature to T> or =T(F)/4 after half of the...

this paper studies the modeling and optimization of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of eggplant production using artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm in guilan province of iran. results showed that the highest share of energy consumption belongs to diesel fuel (49.24%); followed by nitrogen (33.30%). the results indicated that a total energy input of 13910.67 ...

Gas evolved from the thermal decomposition of the binder can greatly deteriorate the quality of sand castings. Binder gas models used in casting simulations require knowledge of the binder gas mass and molecular weight evolution, but available data are limited. In the present study, the mass and molecular weight of gas evolved from phenolic urethane no-bake (PUNB) bonded sand are measured as a ...

The gas-sensing behaviour based on a dynamic measurement method of a single SnO2 gas sensor was investigated by comparison with the static measurement. The influencing factors of nonlinear response such as modulation temperature, duty ratio, heating waveform (rectangular, sinusoidal, saw-tooth, pulse, etc.) were also studied. Experimental data showed that temperature was the most essential fact...

Hydrates are crystalline compounds similar to ice, with guest molecules like methane and ethane trapped inside cavities or cages formed by the hydrogen bounded framework of water molecules. These solid compounds give rise to problems in the natural gas oil industry because they can plug pipelines and process equipments. Low dosage hydrate inhibitors are a recently developed hydrate control tech...

It is shown that self-heating of electrolytic capacitors causes the output current of a capacitor bank to increase with successive shots even though the charge voltage is held constant. Self heating of only 10 °C can cause a near tripling in the gas output of the gas puffing valves commonly used in spheromak research. By using metallized polypropylene film capacitors instead of electrolytic cap...

We use hydrodynamical simulations to assess the impact of radiative cooling and ‘pre-heating’ on predictions for the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect. We find that cooling significantly reduces both the mean SZ signal and its angular power spectrum. Pre-heating can give a higher mean distortion, while leaving the angular power spectrum below that found in a simulation without heating or cooling. ...

in recent decades energy sector has been most important division in sociopolitical national and international dialogs. policy making in energy sector in iran is a strategic subject because of independency of our national revenue to oil & gas export in one way and huge oil & gas reservoirs in iran (137 billion barrel in oil and 28.3 million cubic meter in gas) in other hand. this paper investiga...

Given the large energy consumption of energy heating for residential and commercial use in the world, optimising heating systems makes sense, both from an ecologic and an economic point of view. Therefore, this study evaluates five different space heating systems through a case study on a new housing project. The assessment comprises both economic factors (payback period as compared to a refere...