Development in medical intervention has significantly decreased the mortality rates for children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) but among these survivors there occurs a unique pattern of neuro-developmental and neuropsychology impairment characterized social interaction impairment, impulsive Behavior, impaired executive functions. Presence behavioral problem is found high pediatric...

Introduction: Hearing impairment is the most frequent sensorial congenital defect in newborns and has increased to 2–4 cases per 1,000 live births. Sensory-neural hearing loss (SNHL) accounts for more than 90% of all hearing loss. This disorder is associated with other congenital disorders such as renal, skeletal, ocular, and cardiac disorders. Given that congenital heart diseases are life-thre...

introduction pulmonary vein stenosis includes narrowing of one or more pulmonary veins that may have congenital or acquired causes. congenital pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare condition and also a rare cause for pulmonary hypertension. since identifying the etiology of pulmonary hypertension plays a crucial role in medical and surgical planning, we decided to introduce a rare case of pulmonary...

Combined morphological, immunocytochemical, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on skeletal muscle, heart muscle and liver tissue of a 16-months boy with fatal liver failure. The pathological characterization of the tissues revealed a severe depletion of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) that was most pronounced in liver, followed by a less severe, but still significant depletion i...

Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a congenital heart defect characterized by the presence of an abnormal connection between pulmonary artery and proximal part aortic arch directly above level semilunar valves. It one rarest cardiac defects (frequency 0.2–0.6 %). APW occurs as isolated lesion or in association with other anomalies such coarctation aorta, interrupted arch, tetra­logy Fallot, atrial ...

The incidence of major congenital defects is approximately 2.5% of total births. Congenital heart disease and neural tube defects each account for about onethird of all defects. From several studies in Europe and the United States it is estimated that the incidence of congenital heart disease is about seven cases per 1000 births (Lancet, 1975). As more than one cardiac lesion is sometimes prese...